Ibhethri ye-Lithium iwine uMklomelo KaNobel kuChemistry ka-2019!

Umklomelo KaNobel kuKhemistry wango-2019 waklonyeliswa u-John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, kanye no-Akira Yoshino ngeminikelo yabo emkhakheni wamabhethri e-lithium.

Uma sibheka emuva kuMklomelo KaNobel kuKhemistry ka-1901-2018
Ngo-1901, uJacobs Henriks Vantov (Netherlands): "Uthole imithetho ye-chemical kinetics kanye nokucindezela kwe-osmotic kwesixazululo."

1902, uHermann Fischer (eJalimane): "Sebenza ekuhlanganiseni ushukela nama-purines."

Ngo-1903, uSfant August Arrhenius (Sweden): "Uhlongoze inkolelo-mbono ye-ionization."

Ngo-1904, uSir William Ramsey (UK): "Uthole izakhi zegesi ezinhle emoyeni futhi wanquma indawo yazo kuthebula lezinto ze-periodic."

Ngo-1905, u-Adolf von Bayer (eJalimane): "Ucwaningo lwamadayi we-organic kanye nezinhlanganisela ezinamakha ane-hydrogenated lwakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo kanye nemboni yamakhemikhali."

Ngo-1906, uHenry Moissan (eFrance): "Wacwaninga futhi wahlukanisa isici se-fluorine, futhi wasebenzisa isithando somlilo sikagesi esiqanjwe ngaye."

1907, u-Edward Buchner (eJalimane): "Sebenza ocwaningweni lwe-Biochemical and Discovery of Cell-Free Fermentation."

Ngo-1908, u-Ernest Rutherford (UK): "Cwaninga ngokuguqulwa kwezinto kanye ne-radiochemistry."

1909, Wilhelm Ostwald (Germany): "Umsebenzi wocwaningo mayelana ne-catalysis kanye nezimiso eziyisisekelo zokulinganisa kwamakhemikhali kanye nesilinganiso sokusabela kwamakhemikhali."

Ngo-1910, u-Otto Wallach (eJalimane): "Umsebenzi wokuphayona emkhakheni we-alicyclic compounds wakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwe-organic chemistry kanye nemboni yamakhemikhali."

Ngo-1911, uMarie Curie (ePoland): "wathola izakhi ze-radium ne-polonium, i-radium ehlanzekile futhi wafunda izakhiwo zalesi sici esiphawulekayo kanye nezinhlanganisela zayo."

Ngo-1912, uVictor Grignard (eFrance): "Wasungula i-reagent ye-Grignard";

U-Paul Sabatier (waseFrance): "Wasungula indlela ye-hydrogenation yezinhlanganisela eziphilayo lapho kukhona impushana yensimbi."

Ngo-1913, u-Alfred Werner (Switzerland): "Ucwaningo lokuxhumana kwe-athomu kuma-molecule, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni we-inorganic chemistry."

Ngo-1914, uTheodore William Richards (United States): "Ukunqunywa okunembile kwesisindo se-athomu senani elikhulu lezakhi zamakhemikhali."

Ngo-1915, uRichard Wilstedt (eJalimane): "Ucwaningo lwemibala yezitshalo, ikakhulukazi ukutadisha kwe-chlorophyll."

Ngo-1916, akukho miklomelo eyanikezwa.

Ngo-1917, akukho miklomelo eyanikezwa.

Ngo-1918, uFritz Haber Germany "ucwaninga mayelana nokuhlanganiswa kwe-ammonia kusuka ezintweni ezilula."

Ngo-1919, akukho miklomelo eyanikezwa.

1920, uWalter Nernst (eJalimane): "Isifundo se-thermochemistry."

Ngo-1921, uFrederick Soddy (UK): "Igalelo ekuqondeni kwabantu izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zezinto ezikhipha imisebe, kanye nocwaningo lomsuka kanye nezakhiwo ze-isotopes."

Ngo-1922, uFrancis Aston (UK): "Inani elikhulu lama-isotopes ezakhi ezingezona ezomsakazo zatholwa kusetshenziswa i-mass spectrometer, futhi nomthetho wama-integer wacaciswa."

Ngo-1923, uFritz Pregel (Austria): "Wakha indlela ye-microanalysis yama-organic compounds."

Ngo-1924, akukho miklomelo eyanikezwa.

Ngo-1925, uRichard Adolf Sigmund (eJalimane): "Wacacisa uhlobo oluhlukile lwezixazululo ze-colloidal futhi wadala izindlela zokuhlaziya ezihlobene."

Ngo-1926, uTeodor Svedberg (eSweden): "Funda ngezinhlelo zokusabalalisa."

Ngo-1927, u-Heinrich Otto Wieland (eJalimane): "Cwaninga ngesakhiwo se-bile acid kanye nezinto ezihlobene."

1928, u-Adolf Wendaus (eJalimane): "Funda ngesakhiwo se-steroids kanye nobuhlobo bawo namavithamini."

Ngo-1929, u-Arthur Harden (UK), uHans von Euler-Cherpin (eJalimane): "Izifundo zokuvutshelwa koshukela nama-enzymes okuvutshelwa."

Ngo-1930, uHans Fischer (eJalimane): "Ucwaningo lokubunjwa kwe-heme ne-chlorophyll, ikakhulukazi ukucwaninga kokuhlanganiswa kwe-heme."

Ngo-1931, uKarl Bosch (eJalimane), uFriedrich Bergius (eJalimane): "Ukusungula nokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bamakhemikhali obucindezela kakhulu."

Ngo-1932, u-Irving Lanmere (USA): "Ucwaningo Nokutholwa Kwe-Surface Chemistry."

Ngo-1933, akukho miklomelo eyanikezwa.

Ngo-1934, uHarold Clayton Yuri (United States): "wathola i-hydrogen enzima."

Ngo-1935, uFrederic Yorio-Curie (eFrance), u-Irene Yorio-Curie (eFrance): "Kuhlanganiswe izakhi ezintsha zomsakazo."

Ngo-1936, uPeter Debye (Netherlands): "Ukuqonda isakhiwo samangqamuzana ngokutadisha izikhathi ze-dipole kanye nokuhlukana kwama-X-ray nama-electron emagesini."

1937, u-Walter Haworth (UK): "Ucwaningo mayelana nama-Carbohydrates kanye ne-Vitamin C";

UPaul Keller (Switzerland): "Cwaninga nge-carotenoids, i-flavin, i-vitamin A ne-vitamin B2".

1938, uRichard Kuhn (eJalimane): "Cwaninga nge-carotenoids namavithamini."

Ngo-1939, u-Adolf Butnant (eJalimane): "Ucwaningo lwamahomoni ocansi";

U-Lavoslav Ruzicka (Switzerland): "Cwaninga nge-polymethylene nama-terpenes aphezulu."

Ngo-1940, akukho miklomelo eyanikezwa.

Ngo-1941, akukho miklomelo eyanikezwa.

Ngo-1942, akukho miklomelo eyanikezwa.

Ngo-1943, uGeorge Dehevesi (eHungary): "Ama-Isotopes asetshenziswa njengama-tracers ekutadisheni izinqubo zamakhemikhali."

Ngo-1944, u-Otto Hahn (eJalimane): "Zitholele ukuqhekeka kwezikhali zenuzi ezisindayo."

Ngo-1945, u-Alturi Ilmari Vertanen (eFinland): "Ucwaningo nokusungulwa kwezolimo kanye namakhemikhali okudla okunomsoco, ikakhulukazi indlela yokugcina ukudla."

Ngo-1946, uJames B. Sumner (USA): "Kwatholakala ukuthi ama-enzyme angenziwa i-crystallized";

U-John Howard Northrop (United States), u-Wendell Meredith Stanley (e-United States): "Kulungiswe ama-enzyme ahlanzekile kanye namaprotheni egciwane."

Ngo-1947, uSir Robert Robinson (UK): "Ucwaningo ngemikhiqizo yezitshalo yokubaluleka kwebhayoloji ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi ama-alkaloid."

Ngo-1948, u-Arne Tisselius (eSweden): "Ucwaningo nge-electrophoresis nokuhlaziywa kwe-adsorption, ikakhulukazi esimweni esiyinkimbinkimbi samaprotheni e-serum."

Ngo-1949, uWilliam Geok (e-United States): "Iminikelo emkhakheni we-thermodynamics yamakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi ukutadisha izinto ezingaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu."

Ngo-1950, u-Otto Diels (West Germany), u-Kurt Alder (West Germany): "wathola futhi wathuthukisa indlela ye-diene synthesis."

Ngo-1951, u-Edwin Macmillan (United States), u-Glenn Theodore Seaborg (United States): "uthole izakhi ze-transuranic."

Ngo-1952, u-Archer John Porter Martin (UK), uRichard Lawrence Millington Singer (UK): "Wasungula i-chromatography yokuhlukanisa."

1953, uHermann Staudinger (West Germany): "Okutholakele ocwaningweni emkhakheni we-polymer chemistry."

1954, uLinus Pauling (USA): "Ucwaningo lwezakhiwo zamabhondi amakhemikhali kanye nokusebenza kwawo ekuchazeni ukwakheka kwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi."

Ngo-1955, uVincent Divinho (USA): "Cwaninga ngezinhlanganisela ezinesulfure zokubaluleka kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi ukuhlanganiswa kwamahomoni e-peptide okokuqala ngqa."

Ngo-1956, uCyril Hinshelwood (UK) no-Nikolai Semenov (Soviet Union): "Ucwaningo mayelana nendlela yokusabela kwamakhemikhali."

1957, u-Alexander R. Todd (UK): "Usebenza ekutadisheni ama-nucleotide nama-nucleotide coenzymes."

1958, uFrederick Sanger (UK): "Ucwaningo lwesakhiwo samaprotheni nokubunjwa, ikakhulukazi isifundo se-insulin."

Ngo-1959, uJaroslav Herovsky (Czech Republic): "wathola futhi wathuthukisa indlela yokuhlaziya i-polarographic."

Ngo-1960, uWillard Libby (e-United States): "Wakha indlela yokuqomisana esebenzisa i-carbon 14 isotope, esetshenziswa kakhulu ku-archaeology, geology, geophysics, kanye neminye imikhakha."

1961, uMelvin Calvin (United States): "Ucwaningo mayelana nokumuncwa kwe-carbon dioxide izitshalo."

Ngo-1962, uMax Perutz UK noJohn Kendrew UK "bacwaninga ngesakhiwo samaprotheni ayindilinga."

1963, uCarl Ziegler (West Germany), uGurio Natta (Italy): "Okutholakele ocwaningweni emkhakheni we-polymer chemistry nobuchwepheshe."

Ngo-1964, u-Dorothy Crawford Hodgkin (UK): "Kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-X-ray ukuhlaziya ukwakheka kwezinto ezibalulekile ze-biochemical."

Ngo-1965, uRobert Burns Woodward (USA): "Impumelelo Evelele ku-Organic Synthesis."

1966, uRobert Mulliken (USA): "Ucwaningo oluyisisekelo mayelana namabhondi amakhemikhali kanye nesakhiwo se-electronic sama-molecule asebenzisa indlela ye-molecular orbital."

Ngo-1967, uManfred Eigen (eNtshonalanga Jalimane), uRonald George Rayford Norris (UK), uGeorge Porter (UK): "Ukusebenzisa i-pulse yamandla emfushane ukulinganisa ukusabela Indlela yokuphazamisa, ukutadisha ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ngesivinini esikhulu."

Ngo-1968, u-Lars Onsager (USA): "wathola ubudlelwano obufanayo obuqanjwe ngaye, ebeka isisekelo se-thermodynamics yezinqubo ezingahlehliseki."

Ngo-1969, u-Derek Barton (UK), u-Odd Hassel (Norway): "Yakha umqondo wokuvumelana nokusebenza kwawo kukhemistri."

Ngo-1970, uLuiz Federico Leloire (Argentina): "wathola ama-nucleotide kashukela kanye nendima yawo ku-biosynthesis yama-carbohydrates."

1971, uGerhard Herzberg (Canada): "Cwaninga ngesakhiwo se-electronic kanye nejometri yama-molecule, ikakhulukazi ama-radicals mahhala."

1972, uChristian B. Anfinson (United States): "Ucwaningo nge-ribonuclease, ikakhulukazi ucwaningo lobudlelwano phakathi kokulandelana kwayo kwe-amino acid kanye nokuhambisana kwezinto eziphilayo";

U-Stanford Moore (United States), uWilliam Howard Stein (e-United States): "Tadisha ngobudlelwane phakathi komsebenzi we-catalytic wesikhungo esisebenzayo se-molecule ye-ribonuclease kanye nesakhiwo sayo samakhemikhali."

Ngo-1973, u-Ernst Otto Fischer (eNtshonalanga Jalimane) noJeffrey Wilkinson (UK): "Ukuphayona ucwaningo mayelana nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ze-metal-organic compounds, ezaziwa nangokuthi ama-sandwich compounds."

1974, uPaul Flory (USA): "Ucwaningo oluyisisekelo mayelana nethiyori nokuhlolwa kwe-polymer physical chemistry."

1975, uJohn Conforth (UK): "Funda nge-stereochemistry ye-enzyme-catalyzed reactions."

UVladimir Prelog (Switzerland): "Funda nge-stereochemistry yama-molecule e-organic kanye nokusabela";

1976, uWilliam Lipscomb (United States): "Ucwaningo lwesakhiwo se-borane lwachaza inkinga yokuhlangana kwamakhemikhali."

Ngo-1977, u-Ilya Prigogine (eBelgium): "Igalelo ku-thermodynamics engalingani, ikakhulukazi inkolelo yesakhiwo esichithwayo."

Ngo-1978, uPeter Mitchell (UK): "Ukusebenzisa ifomula yethiyori ye-permeation yamakhemikhali ukuze kube nesandla ekuqondeni ukudluliswa kwamandla e-biological."

Ngo-1979, uHerbert Brown (USA) noGeorg Wittig (West Germany): "Kwathuthukiswa izinhlanganisela eziqukethe i-boron kanye ne-phosphorus njengama-reagents abalulekile ekuhlanganiseni kwe-organic, ngokulandelana."

Ngo-1980, uPaul Berg (United States): "Ucwaningo lwe-biochemistry ye-nucleic acids, ikakhulukazi ukutadisha kwe-DNA recombinant";

Walter Gilbert (US), Frederick Sanger (UK): "Izindlela Zokunquma Ukulandelana Kwesisekelo Se-DNA ku-Nucleic Acids."

Ngo-1981, uKenichi Fukui (Japan) noRod Hoffman (USA): "Chaza ukuvela kokuhlangana kwamakhemikhali ngokuthuthuka kwabo okuzimele kwezinkolelo-mbono."

Ngo-1982, u-Aaron Kluger (UK): "Yakha i-crystal electron microscopy futhi yafunda isakhiwo se-nucleic acid-protein complexes enokubaluleka okubalulekile kwezinto eziphilayo."

Ngo-1983, uHenry Taub (USA): "Cwaninga ngendlela yokusabela kokudlulisa ama-electron ikakhulukazi ezinkingeni zensimbi."

Ngo-1984, uRobert Bruce Merrifield (USA): "Yakha indlela yokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali esigaba esiqinile."

Ngo-1985, uHerbert Hauptman (United States), uJerome Carr (United States): "Izimpumelelo ezivelele ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela eziqondile zokunquma isakhiwo sekristalu."

Ngo-1986, uDudley Hirschbach (United States), uLi Yuanzhe (United States), uJohn Charles Polanyi (Canada): "Iminikelo yocwaningo lwenqubo ye-kinetic yokusabela kwamakhemikhali okuyisisekelo."

Ngo-1987, uDonald Kramm (United States), uJean-Marie Lane (eFrance), uCharles Pedersen (e-United States): "Ama-molecule athuthukile futhi asetshenziswa akwazi ukukhetha kakhulu ukusebenzisana okuqondene nesakhiwo."

Ngo-1988, uJohn Dysenhofer (eNtshonalanga Jalimane), uRobert Huber (eNtshonalanga Jalimane), uHartmut Michel (eNtshonalanga Jalimane): "Ukunqunywa kwesakhiwo esinezinhlangothi ezintathu sesikhungo sokusabela kwe-photosynthetic."

Ngo-1989, uSydney Altman (Canada), uThomas Cech (USA): "wathola izakhiwo ze-RNA."

Ngo-1990, u-Elias James Corey (e-United States): "Yakha i-theory kanye nendlela yokwenza i-organic synthesis."

1991, uRichard Ernst (Switzerland): "Igalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela ze-spectroscopy ze-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) ezinesinqumo esiphezulu."

Ngo-1992, uRudolph Marcus (USA): "Iminikelo kumbono wokusabela kokudluliselwa kwama-electron kumasistimu amakhemikhali."

Ngo-1993, u-Kelly Mullis (USA): "Kwathuthukiswa izindlela zocwaningo lwamakhemikhali ezisekelwe ku-DNA futhi kwathuthukiswa i-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)";

UMichael Smith (Canada): "Kuthuthukiswe izindlela zokucwaninga amakhemikhali asekelwe ku-DNA, futhi kwaba nesandla ekusungulweni kwe-oligonucleotide-based site-directed mutagenesis kanye negalelo layo eliyisisekelo ekuthuthukiseni ucwaningo lwamaprotheni."

Ngo-1994, uGeorge Andrew Euler (United States): "Iminikelo ocwaningweni lwamakhemikhali e-carbocation."

Ngo-1995, uPaul Crutzen (Netherlands), uMario Molina (US), uFrank Sherwood Rowland (U.S.): “Ukucwaninga ngekhemikhali yasemkhathini, ikakhulukazi ucwaningo ngokwakheka nokubola kwe-ozone.”

1996 Robert Cole (United States), Harold Kroto (United Kingdom), Richard Smalley (United States): "Zitholele fullerene."

Ngo-1997, u-Paul Boyer (USA), u-John Walker (e-UK), u-Jens Christian Sko (i-Denmark): "Kucaciswe indlela ye-enzymatic catalytic in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)."

Ngo-1998, u-Walter Cohen (e-USA): "ithiyori esebenzayo ye-density";

UJohn Pope (UK): Kuthuthukiswe izindlela zekhompiyutha kumakhemikhali we-quantum.

Ngo-1999, u-Yamid Ziwell (Egypt): "Tadisha ngezimo ezishintshayo zokusabela kwamakhemikhali usebenzisa i-femtosecond spectroscopy."

Ngo-2000, u-Alan Haig (United States), uMcDelmead (United States), u-Hideki Shirakawa (eJapane): "wathola futhi wathuthukisa ama-polymers conductive."

Ku-2001, uWilliam Standish Knowles (US) noNoyori Ryoji (eJapane): "Ucwaningo nge-Chiral Catalytic Hydrogenation";

U-Barry Sharpless (USA): "Funda nge-Chiral Catalytic Oxidation."

Ngo-2002, uJohn Bennett Finn (USA) kanye no-Koichi Tanaka (eJapane): "Izindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokuhlonza nokuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo sama-macromolecules ephilayo, futhi kwasungulwa indlela ye-ionization ye-soft desorption yokuhlaziywa kwe-mass spectrometry ye-biological macromolecules" ;

U-Kurt Wittrich (Switzerland): "Izindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokuhlonza nokuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo sama-macromolecule ebhayoloji, futhi kwasungulwa indlela yokuhlaziya ukwakheka kwezinhlangothi ezintathu zama-macromolecule ezinto eziphilayo ngesixazululo ngokusebenzisa i-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy."

Ngo-2003, uPeter Agre (USA): "Ucwaningo lwamashaneli e-ion ku-membrane yamaseli bathola imigudu yamanzi";

Roderick McKinnon (United States): "Ucwaningo lwamashaneli e-ion kulwelwesi lwamaseli, ukufundwa kwesakhiwo sesiteshi se-ion kanye nomshini."

Ngo-2004, u-Aaron Chehanovo (u-Israyeli), u-Avram Hershko (u-Israel), u-Owen Ross (US): "uthole ukuwohloka kwamaprotheni atholakala ku-ubiquitin."

Ngo-2005, uYves Chauvin (France), Robert Grubb (US), Richard Schrock (US): "Yakha indlela ye-metathesis ku-organic synthesis."

Ngo-2006, uRoger Kornberg (USA): "Cwaninga ngesisekelo samangqamuzana okulotshwa kwe-eukaryotic."

2007, uGerhard Eter (eJalimane): "Cwaninga ngenqubo yamakhemikhali yezindawo eziqinile."

Ngo-2008, u-Shimomura Osamu (eJapane), u-Martin Chalfie (e-United States), u-Qian Yongjian (e-United States): "Kutholwe futhi kwalungiswa iphrotheni ye-fluorescent eluhlaza (GFP)."

Ngo-2009, uVenkatraman Ramakrishnan (UK), Thomas Steitz (USA), Ada Jonat (Israel): "Cwaninga ngesakhiwo nomsebenzi wama-ribosomes."

2010 Richard Heck (USA), Negishi (Japan), Suzuki Akira (Japan): "Ucwaningo ku-Palladium-catalyzed Coupling Reaction in Organic Synthesis."

Ngo-2011, uDaniel Shechtman (u-Israyeli): "Ukutholakala kwama-quasicrystals."

Ngo-2012, u-Robert Lefkowitz, u-Bryan Kebirka (e-United States): "Cwaninga kuma-G protein-coupled receptors."

Ngo-2013, uMartin Capras (United States), uMichael Levitt (e-United Kingdom), u-Yale Vachel: Wakhelwe amamodeli anezilinganiso eziningi amasistimu amakhemikhali ayinkimbinkimbi.

Ngo-2014, u-Eric Bezig (United States), Stefan W. Hull (Germany), William Esko Molnar (United States): Impumelelo emkhakheni we-super-resolution fluorescence microscopy Achievement.

Ngo-2015, uThomas Lindahl (Sweden), uPaul Modric (USA), u-Aziz Sanjar (eTurkey): Ucwaningo ngomshini weselula wokulungisa i-DNA.

Ngo-2016, uJean-Pierre Sova (France), uJames Fraser Stuart (UK/US), Bernard Felinga (Netherlands): Ukuklama nokuhlanganisa imishini yamangqamuzana.

Ngo-2017, u-Jacques Dubochet (Switzerland), u-Achim Frank (eJalimane), u-Richard Henderson (e-UK): uthuthukise i-cryo-electron microscopes ukuze kunqunywe ukwakheka okuphezulu kwesakhiwo sama-biomolecules esixazululo.

Ingxenye yemiklomelo ka-2018 yaklonyeliswa usosayensi waseMelika uFrances H. Arnold (uFrances H. Arnold) ngokuqaphela ukuqaphela kwakhe ukuguquguquka okuqondisiwe kwama-enzyme; enye ingxenye yaklonyeliswa ososayensi baseMelika (uGeorge P. Smith) kanye nososayensi waseBrithani uGregory P. Winter (uGregory P. Winter) ngokuqashelwa Baqaphela ubuchwepheshe bokubonisa i-phage yama-peptides nama-antibodies.