Ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri e-lithium

Umsuka wedivayisi yebhethri ungase uqale ngokutholwa kwebhodlela le-Leiden. Ibhodlela le-Leiden laqala ukusungulwa usosayensi waseDashi u-Pieter van Musschenbroek ngo-1745. Ibhodlela le-Leyden liyithuluzi elidala le-capacitor. Yakhiwe ngamashidi amabili ensimbi ahlukaniswe yi-insulator. Induku yensimbi engenhla isetshenziselwa ukugcina nokukhulula imali. Uma uthinta induku Lapho kusetshenziswa ibhola lensimbi, ibhodlela le-Leiden lingagcina noma lisuse amandla kagesi angaphakathi, futhi isimiso salo nokulungiswa kulula. Noma ubani onentshisekelo angayenza yedwa ekhaya, kodwa isimo sayo sokuzikhulula sinzima kakhulu ngenxa yomhlahlandlela wayo olula. Ngokuvamile, wonke ugesi uzokhishwa emahoreni ambalwa kuya ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Nokho, ukuvela kwebhodlela le-Leiden kuphawula isiteji esisha ocwaningweni lukagesi.

Ngawo-1790, usosayensi wase-Italy uLuigi Galvani wathola ukusetshenziswa kwezintambo ze-zinc nezethusi ukuxhuma imilenze yexoxo futhi wathola ukuthi imilenze yesele izonyakaza, ngakho-ke uhlongoze umqondo we "bioelectricity." Lokhu kutholakala kwenza usosayensi wase-Italy u-Alessandro anyakaze. Ukuphikisa kukaVolta, uVolta ukholelwa ukuthi ukudikiza kwemilenze yexoxo kuvela kumandla kagesi akhiqizwa yinsimbi kunanamandla kagesi eselesele. Ukuze aphikise umbono kaGalvani, uVolta uhlongoze iVolta Stack yakhe edumile. Isitaki sevoltaic sihlanganisa i-zinc namashidi ethusi anekhadibhodi elifakwe emanzini anosawoti phakathi. Lesi yisibonelo sebhethri lekhemikhali elihlongozwayo.
I-electrode reaction equation yeseli ye-voltaic:

i-electrode ephozithivu: 2H^++2e^-→H_2

i-electrode eyinegethivu: Zn→〖Zn〗^(2+)+2e^-

Ngo-1836, usosayensi waseBrithani uJohn Frederic Daniell wasungula ibhethri likaDaniel ukuxazulula inkinga yamabhamuza omoya ebhethrini. Ibhethri likaDaniel linohlobo oluyinhloko lwebhethri yamakhemikhali yesimanje. Iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili. Ingxenye enhle icwiliswa kwisisombululo se-copper sulfate. Enye ingxenye yethusi i-zinc ecwiliswe kwisisombululo se-zinc sulfate. Ibhethri langempela likaDaniel laligcwele ingxube ye-copper sulfate embizeni yethusi futhi lafaka isitsha esiyisilinda esinezimbotshana se-ceramic phakathi nendawo. Kulesi sitsha se-ceramic, kunenduku ye-zinc ne-zinc sulfate njenge-electrode engalungile. Esixazululweni, izimbobo ezincane esitsheni se-ceramic zivumela okhiye ababili ukushintshanisa ions. Amabhethri esimanje kaDaniel asebenzisa kakhulu amabhuloho kasawoti noma ulwelwesi olungangeneki kalula ukuze afinyelele lo mphumela. Amabhethri kaDaniel asetshenziswa njengomthombo wamandla wenethiwekhi yocingo kwaze kwaba yilapho amabhethri omile ethatha indawo yawo.

I-electrode reaction equation yebhethri likaDaniel:

I-electrode enhle: 〖Cu〗^(2+)+2e^-→Cu

i-electrode eyinegethivu: Zn→〖Zn〗^(2+)+2e^-

Kuze kube manje, kunqunyiwe uhlobo oluyinhloko lwebhethri, oluhlanganisa i-electrode ephozithivu, i-electrode eyinegethivu, ne-electrolyte. Ngesisekelo esinjalo, amabhethri athuthuke ngokushesha eminyakeni eyi-100 ezayo. Kuvele amasistimu amabhethri amaningi amasha, okuhlanganisa nososayensi ongumFulentshi u-Gaston Planté wasungula amabhethri e-lead-acid ngo-1856. Amabhethri e-lead-asidi Intengo yayo enkulu yamanje nephansi idonse ukunaka okukhulu, ngakho isetshenziswa emishinini eminingi ephathwayo, njengogesi wakudala. izimoto. Ivamise ukusetshenziswa njengendawo yokugcina amandla kagesi kwezinye izibhedlela neziteshi eziyisisekelo. Amabhethri e-lead-acid ikakhulukazi akhiwe ngomthofu, i-lead dioxide, nesisombululo se-sulfuric acid, futhi amandla awo ombane angafinyelela cishe ku-2V. Ngisho nasezikhathini zanamuhla, amabhethri aneasidi yomthofu awakaqedwa ngenxa yobuchwepheshe bawo obuvuthiwe, amanani aphansi, nezimiso eziphephile ezisekelwe emanzini.

I-electrode reaction equation yebhethri le-lead-acid:

Positive electrode: PbO_2+〖SO〗_4^(2-)+4H^++2e^-→Pb〖SO〗_4+2H_2 O

I-electrode engalungile: Pb+〖SO〗_4^(2-)→Pb〖SO〗_4+2e^-

Ibhethri le-nickel-cadmium, elasungulwa usosayensi wase-Sweden u-Waldemar Jungner ngo-1899, lisetshenziswa kakhulu kumishini kagesi ephathwayo emincane, njengama-walkman akuqala, ngenxa yokuminyana kwamandla aphezulu kunamabhethri e-lead-acid. Kufana namabhethri e-lead-acid. Amabhethri e-nickel-cadmium nawo asetshenziswa kabanzi kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1990, kodwa ubuthi bawo buphezulu kakhulu, futhi ibhethri ngokwalo linomphumela wenkumbulo othize. Yingakho sivame ukuzwa abanye abantu abadala bethi i-battery kufanele ikhishwe ngokugcwele ngaphambi kokushajwa futhi amabhethri angcolile azongcolisa umhlaba, njalonjalo. (Qaphela ukuthi namabhethri amanje anobuthi obuphezulu futhi akufanele alahlwe yonke indawo, kodwa amabhethri e-lithium amanje awanazo izinzuzo zenkumbulo, futhi ukuchichima ngokweqile kuyingozi empilweni yebhethri.) Amabhethri e-nickel-cadmium ayonakalisa kakhulu imvelo, futhi Awo ukumelana kwangaphakathi kuzoshintsha ngokushisa, okungase kubangele umonakalo ngenxa yamanje ngokweqile ngesikhathi sokushaja. Amabhethri e-nickel-hydrogen ayiqeda kancane kancane cishe ngo-2005. Kuze kube manje, amabhethri e-nickel-cadmium awavamile ukubonakala emakethe.

I-Electrode reaction equation yebhethri le-nickel-cadmium:

Positive electrode: 2NiO(OH)+2H_2 O+2e^-→2OH^-+2Ni〖(OH)〗_2

I-electrode engalungile: Cd+2OH^-→Cd〖(OH)〗_2+2e^-

Isiteji sebhethri yensimbi ye-Lithium

Ngawo-1960, abantu ekugcineni bangena ngokusemthethweni enkathini yamabhethri e-lithium.

Insimbi ye-lithium ngokwayo yatholwa ngo-1817, futhi abantu basheshe baqaphela ukuthi izakhiwo ze-lithium metal ngokomzimba namakhemikhali zisetshenziswa ngokwemvelo njengezinto zamabhethri. Inokuminyana okuphansi (0.534g 〖cm〗^(-3)), umthamo omkhulu (ithiyori efika ku-3860mAh g^(-1)), namandla ayo aphansi (-3.04V uma kuqhathaniswa ne-hydrogen electrode evamile). Laba bacishe batshele abantu ukuthi ngiyi-negative electrode material yebhethri efanelekile. Kodwa-ke, i-lithium metal ngokwayo inezinkinga ezinkulu. Isebenza kakhulu, isabela ngobudlova emanzini, futhi inezidingo eziphezulu endaweni yokusebenza. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi eside, abantu babengenakuzisiza ngakho.

Ngo-1913, uLewis noKeyes balinganisa amandla e-lithium metal electrode. Futhi yenza ukuhlolwa kwebhethri nge-lithium iodide kusisombululo se-propylamine njenge-electrolyte, nakuba yehlulekile.

Ngo-1958, uWilliam Sidney Harris wakhuluma ku-thesis yakhe yobudokotela ukuthi wabeka insimbi ye-lithium ezixazululweni ezahlukene ze-ester eziphilayo futhi waqaphela ukwakheka kochungechunge lwezingqimba ze-passivation (kuhlanganise ne-lithium metal ku-perchloric acid). I-Lithium LiClO_4

Isenzakalo esikusisombululo se-PC se-propylene carbonate, futhi lesi sixazululo siwuhlelo olubalulekile lwe-electrolyte kumabhethri e-lithium esikhathini esizayo), futhi kubonwe into ethile yokudlulisa i-ion, ngakho-ke ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwe-electrodeposition kuye kwenziwa ngokusekelwe kulokhu. Lokhu kuhlolwa kuholele ngokusemthethweni ekwakhiweni kwamabhethri e-lithium.

Ngo-1965, i-NASA yenza ucwaningo olujulile mayelana nokushajwa nokukhipha amabhethri e-Li||Cu kuzixazululo ze-PC ze-lithium perchlorate. Amanye amasistimu e-electrolyte, okuhlanganisa nokuhlaziywa kwe-LiBF_4, i-LiI, i-LiAl〖Cl〗_4, i-LiCl, Lolu cwaningo luvuse isasasa elikhulu kumasistimu we-organic electrolyte.

Ngo-1969, ilungelo lobunikazi labonisa ukuthi othile wayeseqalile ukuzama ukuthengisa amabhethri esixazululo se-organic esebenzisa izinsimbi ze-lithium, i-sodium, ne-potassium.

Ngo-1970, i-Panasonic Corporation yase-Japan yasungula ibhethri ye-Li‖CF_x ┤, lapho isilinganiso sika-x ngokuvamile singu-0.5-1. I-CF_x iyi-fluorocarbon. Nakuba igesi ye-fluorine inobuthi obuphezulu, i-fluorocarbon ngokwayo iyimpushana emhlophe engenabuthi. Ukuvela kwebhethri ye-Li‖CF_x ┤ kungashiwo njengebhethri langempela le-lithium lokuqala lokuhweba. I-Li‖CF_x ┤ ibhethri ibhethri eliyinhloko. Noma kunjalo, umthamo wayo mkhulu, umthamo wethiyori ungu-865mAh 〖Kg〗^(-1), futhi i-voltage yayo yokukhipha izinzile kakhulu ebangeni elide. Ngakho-ke, amandla azinzile futhi isenzakalo sokuzikhulula sincane. Kodwa inokusebenza kwezinga elibi futhi ayikwazi ukukhokhiswa. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile ihlanganiswa ne-manganese dioxide ukwenza amabhethri e-Li‖CF_x ┤-MnO_2, asetshenziswa njengamabhethri angaphakathi kwezinye izinzwa ezincane, amawashi, njll., futhi angakaqedwa.

I-electrode eqondile: CF_x+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+→C+xLiF

I-electrode engalungile: Li→〖Li〗^++e^-

Ngo-1975, i-Sanyo Corporation yase-Japan yasungula ibhethri i-Li‖MnO_2 ┤, eyaqala ukusetshenziswa kuzibali zelanga ezishajwa kabusha. Lokhu kungathathwa njengebhethri le-lithium lokuqala elishajekayo. Nakuba lo mkhiqizo wawuyimpumelelo enkulu eJapane ngaleso sikhathi, abantu babengenakho ukuqonda okujulile kwezinto ezinjalo futhi babengazi ukuthi i-lithium ne-manganese dioxide yayo. Isiphi isizathu esibangela ukusabela?

Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, abantu baseMelika babefuna ibhethri elisebenziseka kabusha, manje esilibiza ngokuthi ibhethri lesibili.

Ngo-1972, u-MBArmand (amagama abanye ososayensi awazange ahunyushwe ekuqaleni) wahlongozwa ephepheni lengqungquthela elithi M_(0.5) Fe〖(CN)〗_3 (lapho u-M eyinsimbi ye-alkali) nezinye izinto ezinokwakheka okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwe-Prussia. , Futhi wafunda i-ion intercalation phenomenon yayo. Futhi ngo-1973, u-J. Broadhead kanye nabanye be-Bell Labs bafunda ukwenzeka kwe-intercalation yama-athomu esulfure ne-iodine kuma-dichalcogenides ensimbi. Lezi zifundo zokuqala mayelana ne-ion intercalation phenomenon zingamandla okushayela abaluleke kakhulu ekuqhubekeleni phambili kancane kancane kwamabhethri e-lithium. Ucwaningo lwangempela lunembe ngenxa yalezi zifundo okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi amabhethri e-lithium-ion abe khona.

Ngo-1975, uMartin B. Dines wase-Exxon (umanduleli we-Exxon Mobil) wenza izibalo zokuqala kanye nokuhlola ekuxhumaneni phakathi kochungechunge lwe-transition metal dichalcogenides nezinsimbi ze-alkali futhi ngawo lowo nyaka, i-Exxon kwakungelinye igama elithi Scientist MS Whittingham washicilela ilungelo lobunikazi. ku-Li‖TiS_2 ┤ ichibi. Futhi ngo-1977, i-Exoon yathengisa ibhethri elisuselwe ku-Li-Al‖TiS_2┤, lapho i-lithium aluminium alloy ingathuthukisa ukuphepha kwebhethri (yize kusenengozi ebaluleke kakhulu). Ngemuva kwalokho, amasistimu ebhethri anjalo asetshenziswe ngokulandelana yi-Eveready e-United States. Ukuhwebelana Kwenkampani Yebhethri kanye Nenkampani Yomusa. Ibhethri ye-Li‖TiS_2 ┤ ingaba ibhethri le-lithium lokuqala lesibili ngomqondo wangempela, futhi bekuyisistimu yebhethri eshisa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuminyana kwayo kwamandla kwakucishe kube izikhathi ezi-2-3 kunamabhethri e-lead-acid.

I-electrode eqondile: TiS_2+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+→〖Li〗_x TiS_2

I-electrode engalungile: Li→〖Li〗^++e^-

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, usosayensi waseCanada u-MA Py usungule ibhethri le-Li‖MoS_2┤ ngo-1983, elingaba nokuminyana kwamandla okungu-60-65Wh 〖Kg〗^(-1) ku-1/3C, okulingana ne-Li‖TiS_2┤ ibhethri. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, ngo-1987, inkampani yaseCanada i-Moli Energy yethula ibhethri ye-lithium ethengiswa kakhulu ngempela, eyayifunwa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Lesi bekumele kube isigameko esibalulekile emlandweni, kodwa okuxakayo ukuthi siphinde sibangele ukwehla kweMoli ngemuva kwalokho. Kwathi entwasahlobo ka-1989, iMoli Company yethula imikhiqizo yebhethri yesizukulwane sesibili i-Li‖MoS_2┤. Ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo ka-1989, umkhiqizo webhethri wesizukulwane sokuqala sika-Moli i-Li‖MoS_2┤ waqhuma futhi wabangela ukwethuka okukhulu. Ehlobo lwawo lowo nyaka, yonke imikhiqizo yabuyiselwa emuva, futhi izisulu zanxeshezelwa. Ekupheleni konyaka ofanayo, i-Moli Energy yamemezela ukuthi isiphelile futhi yatholwa yi-NEC yaseJapane entwasahlobo ka-1990. Kuhle ukusho ukuthi kunamahemuhemu okuthi uJeff Dahn, usosayensi waseCanada ngaleso sikhathi, wayehola iphrojekthi yebhethri eMoli. Amandla futhi wasula ngenxa yokuphikisana kwakhe nokufakwa kuhlu okuqhubekayo kwamabhethri e-Li‖MoS_2 ┤.

I-electrode eqondile: MoS_2+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+→〖Li〗_x MoS_2

I-electrode engalungile: Li→〖Li〗^++e^-

Kuze kube manje, amabhethri e-lithium metal kancane kancane ashiye emehlweni omphakathi. Siyabona ukuthi phakathi nenkathi esuka ku-1970 kuya ku-1980, ucwaningo lososayensi ngamabhethri e-lithium lwalugxile kakhulu ezintweni ze-cathode. Umgomo wokugcina uhlala ugxile ku-transition metal dichalcogenides. Ngenxa yesakhiwo sabo esinezingqimba (i-transition metal dichalcogenides manje ifundwa kabanzi njengento enezinhlangothi ezimbili), izendlalelo zabo futhi Kukhona izikhala ezanele phakathi kwezingqimba ukuze kufakwe ukufakwa kwe-lithium ion. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakunocwaningo oluncane kakhulu ngezinto ze-anode ngalesi sikhathi. Nakuba ezinye izifundo zigxile ekuhlanganisweni kwensimbi ye-lithium ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza, insimbi ye-lithium ngokwayo ayizinzile futhi iyingozi. Nakuba ukuqhuma kwebhethri kaMoli kwakuyisenzakalo esathusa umhlaba wonke, kube nezimo eziningi zokuqhuma kwamabhethri ensimbi ye-lithium.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu babengazi kahle imbangela yokuqhuma kwamabhethri e-lithium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimbi ye-lithium yake yabhekwa njengento engenakulinganiswa ye-electrode ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezinhle. Ngemuva kokuqhuma kwebhethri kaMoli, ukwamukelwa kwabantu kwamabhethri ensimbi ye-lithium kwehla, futhi amabhethri e-lithium angena esikhathini esimnyama.

Ukuze ube nebhethri ephephile, abantu kufanele baqale ngezinto eziyingozi ze-electrode. Noma kunjalo, kukhona uchungechunge lwezinkinga lapha: amandla ensimbi ye-lithium aphansi, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamanye ama-electrode angalungile kuzokwandisa amandla e-electrode engalungile, futhi ngale ndlela, amabhethri e-lithium Umehluko ongase ube khona uzoncishiswa, ozonciphisa. ukuminyana kwamandla esiphepho. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi kufanele bathole i-high-voltage cathode material ehambisanayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-electrolyte yebhethri kufanele ifane ne-voltage eqondile nengalungile kanye nokuzinza komjikelezo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-conductivity ye-electrolyte Nokumelana nokushisa kungcono. Lolu chungechunge lwemibuzo lwadida ososayensi isikhathi eside ukuze bathole impendulo eyanelisa kakhudlwana.

Inkinga yokuqala okufanele ixazululwe ososayensi ukuthola into ephephile, eyingozi ye-electrode engangena esikhundleni sensimbi ye-lithium. Insimbi ye-lithium ngokwayo inomsebenzi wamakhemikhali omningi, futhi uchungechunge lwezinkinga zokukhula kwe-dendrite lube nonya kakhulu endaweni esetshenziswayo nezimo, futhi ayiphephile. I-graphite manje isiwumzimba oyinhloko we-electrode engalungile yamabhethri e-lithium-ion, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kumabhethri e-lithium kuye kwafundwa ekuqaleni kuka-1976. Ngo-1976, u-Besenhard, u-JO wenze ucwaningo oluningiliziwe mayelana ne-electrochemical synthesis ye-LiC_R. Nokho, nakuba i-graphite inezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu (i-conductivity ephezulu, umthamo ophezulu, amandla aphansi, ukungabi namandla, njll.), ngaleso sikhathi, i-electrolyte esetshenziswa kumabhethri e-lithium ngokuvamile iyisisombululo se-PC ye-LiClO_4 okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla. I-graphite inenkinga enkulu. Uma kungekho ukuvikelwa, ama-molecule e-electrolyte PC azophinde angene esakhiweni se-graphite ne-lithium-ion intercalation, okuholela ekwehleni kokusebenza komjikelezo. Ngakho-ke, i-graphite yayingathandwa ososayensi ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngokuqondene nezinto ze-cathode, ngemva kocwaningo lwesiteji sebhethri yensimbi ye-lithium, ososayensi bathola ukuthi impahla ye-lithiation anode ngokwayo iyinto yokugcina i-lithium enokuguqulwa okuhle, njenge-LiTiS_2, 〖Li〗_x V〖Se〗_2 (x =1,2) nokunye, futhi ngalesi sisekelo, 〖Li〗_x V_2 O_5 (0.35≤x<3), LiV_2 O_8 nezinye izinto zokwakha. Futhi ososayensi baye kancane kancane bajwayelana namashaneli e-ion anohlangothi olu-1 (1D), i-2-dimensional layered ion intercalation (2D), kanye nezakhiwo zenethiwekhi yokudlulisa ye-ion engu-3-dimensional.

Ucwaningo lukaSolwazi John B. Goodenough oludume kakhulu nge-LiCoO_2 (LCO) nalo lwenzeka ngalesi sikhathi. Ngo-1979, uGoodenougd et al. bagqugquzelwa yi-athikili ngesakhiwo se-NaCoO_2 ngo-1973 futhi bathola i-LCO futhi bashicilela isihloko selungelo lobunikazi. I-LCO inokwakheka kwe-intercalation enezingqimba efana ne-transition metal disulfides, lapho i-lithium ion ingafakwa ngokubuyisela emuva futhi ikhishwe. Uma i-lithium ion ikhishwa ngokuphelele, isakhiwo esiseduze se-CoO_2 sizokwakhiwa, futhi singaphinda sifakwe nge-lithium ion ye-lithium (Yiqiniso, ibhethri langempela ngeke livumele ukuthi i-lithium ion ikhishwe ngokuphelele, okuyinto izobangela amandla ukubola ngokushesha). Ngo-1986, u-Akira Yoshino, owayesasebenza e-Asahi Kasei Corporation eJapane, wahlanganisa isixazululo se-LCO, i-coke, ne-LiClO_4 PC okokuqala ngqa, waba ibhethri lokuqala lesibili lesimanje le-lithium-ion futhi waba i-lithium yamanje. ibhethri. U-Sony washeshe wabona ilungelo lobunikazi le-LCO lendoda endala "elihle ngokwanele" futhi wathola ukugunyazwa lokulisebenzisa. Ngo-1991, yathengisa ibhethri ye-LCO lithium-ion. Umqondo webhethri ye-lithium-ion nawo uvele ngalesi sikhathi, futhi umbono wawo Usaqhubeka nanamuhla. (Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amabhethri e-lithium-ion esizukulwane sokuqala akwaSony kanye ne-Akira Yoshino nawo asebenzisa ikhabhoni eqinile njenge-electrode engeyinhle esikhundleni segraphite, futhi isizathu siwukuthi i-PC engenhla inokuxhumana kwegraphite)

I-electrode eqondile: 6C+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+→〖Li〗_x C_6

I-electrode engalungile: LiCoO_2→〖Li〗_(1-x) CoO_2+x〖Li〗^++xe^-

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngo-1978, u-Armand, M. wahlongoza ukusetshenziswa kwe-polyethylene glycol (PEO) njenge-electrolyte eqinile ye-polymer ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga engenhla yokuthi i-graphite anode ishumekwe kalula kuma-athomu e-PC (i-electrolyte evamile ngaleso sikhathi isebenzisa i-PC, isixazululo esixubile se-DEC), esafaka i-graphite ohlelweni lwebhethri ye-lithium okokuqala ngqa, futhi yaphakamisa umqondo webhethri yesihlalo esinyakazayo (isihlalo esinyakazayo) ngonyaka olandelayo. Umqondo onjalo uqhubekile kwaze kwaba manje. Amasistimu amanje e-electrolyte ajwayelekile, afana ne-ED/DEC, EC/DMC, njll., avele kancane ngeminyaka yawo-1990s futhi abelokhu esetshenziswa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngaleso sikhathi, ososayensi baphinde bahlola uchungechunge lwamabhethri: Li‖Nb〖Se〗_3 ┤ amabhethri, Li‖V〖SE〗_2 ┤ amabhethri, Li‖〖Ag〗_2 V_4 ┤ O_11 amabhethri, Amabhethri,‖O Li ‖I_2 ┤Amabhethri, njll., ngoba awabalulekile manje, futhi azikho izinhlobo eziningi zocwaningo ukuze ngingazethuli ngokuningiliziwe.

• Ibhethri ye-Li-ion isigaba

Inkathi yokuthuthukiswa kwebhethri ye-lithium-ion ngemva kuka-1991 yisikhathi esikuso manje. Lapha ngeke ngifingqe inqubo yokuthuthukiswa ngokuningiliziwe kodwa ngethule kafushane uhlelo lwamakhemikhali lwamabhethri ambalwa e-lithium-ion.

Isingeniso sezinhlelo zebhethri ze-lithium-ion zamanje, nansi ingxenye elandelayo.