Uhlolojikelele lwesitoreji samandla ezentengiso

Amandla avuselelekayo ayingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo lwesikhathi eside lokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. Kungakhathalekile ukuhlangana okulawulekayo kwe-nuclear, izimayini zasemkhathini, kanye nokuthuthukiswa okukhulu okuvuthiwe kwemithombo yamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi engenawo umzila wezohwebo esikhathini esifushane, amandla omoya, namandla elanga kuyimithombo yamandla avuselelekayo ethembisa kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, banqunyelwe izinsiza zomoya nezibani. Ukugcinwa kwamandla kuzoba yingxenye ebalulekile yokusetshenziswa kwamandla esikhathini esizayo. Lesi sihloko kanye nama-athikili alandelayo azobandakanya ubuchwepheshe obukhulu bokugcina amandla okuhweba, ikakhulukazi ezigxile ezimweni zokuqalisa.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukwakhiwa ngokushesha kwezinhlelo zokugcina amandla kwenze enye idatha edlule yangabe isaba usizo, njengokuthi "isitoreji samandla omoya esicindezelwe sikleliswe endaweni yesibili ngomthamo ofakiwe ongu-440MW, namabhethri e-sodium-sulphur akleliswe endaweni yesithathu, anesilinganiso somthamo esiphelele. ka-440 MW. 316MW" njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindaba zokuthi uHuawei usayine iphrojekthi "enkulu kunazo zonke" yokugcina amandla emhlabeni nge-1300MWh ziyamangalisa. Nokho, ngokwedatha ekhona, i-1300MWh akuyona iphrojekthi ebaluleke kakhulu yokugcina amandla emhlabeni jikelele. Iphrojekthi enkulukazi enkulu yokugcina amandla ingeyesitoreji esimpontshwa. Ngobuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla obuphathekayo njengokugcina amandla kasawoti, endabeni yokugcinwa kwamandla e-electrochemical, u-1300MWh akuyona iphrojekthi ebaluleke kakhulu (kungase futhi kube indaba yezinga lezibalo). Umthamo wamanje we-Moss Landing Energy Storage Centre usufinyelele ku-1600MWh (okuhlanganisa ne-1200MWh esigabeni sesibili, u-400MWh esigabeni sesibili). Noma kunjalo, ukungena kukaHuawei kuye kwagqamisa imboni yokugcina amandla esiteji.

Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla obuthengiswayo nobungase buhlukaniseke ngokwemishini yokugcina amandla, ukugcinwa kwamandla ashisayo, ukugcinwa kwamandla kagesi, ukugcinwa kwamandla amakhemikhali, kanye nokugcinwa kwamandla kagesi. I-Physics kanye ne-chemistry kuyafana, ngakho-ke masizihlukanise ngokucabanga kwabanduleli bethu okwamanje.

1. Isitoreji samandla emishini / isitoreji esishisayo nesitoreji esibandayo

Isitoreji esimpontshiwe:

Kunamadamu amabili aphezulu nangaphansi, ampompa amanzi endaweni yokugcina amandla ngesikhathi sokugcina amandla kanye nokukhipha amanzi endaweni engaphansi ngesikhathi sokuphehla ugesi. Ubuchwepheshe buvuthiwe. Ekupheleni kuka-2020, umthamo womhlaba wonke ofakiwe womthamo wokugcina ompontshwayo wawungama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyi-159, okubalelwa ku-94% yenani lomthamo wokugcina amandla. Njengamanje, izwe lami seliqalise ukusebenza isamba samakhilowathi ayizigidi ezingama-32.49 eziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwa; isikali esigcwele seziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo ezisakhiwayo ziyizigidi ezingama-55.13 kilowatts. Isilinganiso sakho kokubili okwakhiwa nangaphansi kokwakhiwa sihamba phambili emhlabeni. Umthamo ofakiwe wesiteshi sokugcina amandla ungafinyelela ezinkulungwaneni zama-MW, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngonyaka kungafinyelela kuma-kWh ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, kanti isivinini sokuqala esimnyama singaba ngokulandelana kwemizuzu embalwa. Njengamanje, isiteshi sikagesi esikhulu kunazo zonke esisebenza e-China, i-Hebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station, sinamandla afakiwe angama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-3.6 kanye namandla onyaka okukhiqiza amandla angu-6.6 billion kWh (angamunca u-8.8 billion kWh wamandla adlulele, ngokusebenza kahle okungama-75%). Isikhathi sokuqala esimnyama imizuzu engu-3-5. Nakuba isitoreji esimpontshwa ngokuvamile sibhekwa njengokungalungi kokukhethwa kwesayithi okulinganiselwe, umjikelezo omude wokutshalwa kwezimali, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile, kusewubuchwepheshe obuvuthwe kakhulu, ukusebenza okuphephile, kanye nezindlela zokugcina amandla ezingabizi kakhulu. Uphiko Lwezokuphathwa Kwezamandla Kuzwelonke lukhiphe Uhlelo Lokuthuthukiswa Kwesikhathi Esimaphakathi Neside SeSitolo Esipompa (2021-2035).

Ngo-2025, isikali sokukhiqiza esiphelele sesitoreji esimponsiwe sizoba ngaphezu kwama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-62; ngo-2030, isikali esiphelele sokukhiqiza sizoba cishe ama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-120; ngonyaka wezi-2035, kuzokwakhiwa imboni yesimanje yokupompa isitoreji esihlangabezana nezidingo zezinga eliphezulu kanye nokuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwamandla amasha.

I-Hebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station - Indawo engaphansi

Isitoreji samandla omoya acindezelwe:

Uma umthwalo kagesi uphansi, umoya ucindezelwa futhi ugcinwe ugesi (ngokuvamile ugcinwe emihumeni kasawoti engaphansi komhlaba, imihume yemvelo, njll.). Lapho ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kuphakama, umoya onomfutho ophezulu uyakhululwa ukuze ushayele ijeneretha ukukhiqiza ugesi.

isitoreji samandla omoya esicindezelwe

Ukugcinwa kwamandla omoya ocindezelwe ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengobuchwepheshe besibili obufaneleka kakhulu bokugcinwa kwamandla esikali esikhulu se-GW ngemva kwesitoreji esimpontshwa. Noma kunjalo, inqunyelwe izimo zayo zokukhetha indawo eziqinile, izindleko eziphezulu zokutshala imali, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokugcinwa kwamandla kunesitoreji esimpontshwa. Phansi, inqubekelaphambili yezohwebo yokugcina amandla omoya acindezelwe ihamba kancane. Kuze kube uSepthemba walo nyaka (2021), iphrojekthi yezwe yami yokuqala enkulu ecindezelwe yokugcina amandla omoya - I-Jiangsu Jintan Salt Cave Compressed Air Energy Storage National Test Demonstration Project, isanda kuxhunywa kugridi. Umthamo ofakiwe wesigaba sokuqala sephrojekthi ngu-60MW, futhi ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla cishe ku-60%; Isikali sokwakha sesikhathi eside somklamo sizofinyelela ku-1000MW. Ngo-Okthoba 2021, uhlelo lokuqala oluthuthukisiwe oluyi-10 MW lokugcina amandla omoya acindezelwe ngokuzimela olwakhiwe izwe lami laxhunywa kugridi e-Bijie, eGuizhou. Kungasho ukuthi umgwaqo wezohwebo wokugcinwa kwamandla omoya ohlangene usanda kuqala, kodwa ikusasa liyathembisa.

Iphrojekthi ka-Jntan ecindezelwe yokugcina amandla omoya.

Isitoreji samandla kasawoti oncibilikisiwe:

Isitoreji samandla kasawoti oncibilikisiwe, ngokuvamile esihlanganiswe namandla ashisayo elanga, sigxilisa ukukhanya kwelanga futhi sigcine ukushisa kusawoti oncibilikisiwe. Lapho kukhiqizwa ugesi, ukushisa kukasawoti okuncibilikisiwe kusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ugesi, futhi iningi lawo likhiqiza isitimu ukushayela umshini ophehla ugesi.

isitoreji sokushisa usawoti oncibilikisiwe

Bamemeza i-Hi-Tech Dunhuang engu-100MW encibilikisiwe yomthombo kasawoti ophehla amandla elanga esiteshini esikhulu kunazo zonke eChina. Iphrojekthi ye-Delingha 135 MW CSP enamandla amakhulu afakiwe isiqalile ukwakhiwa. Isikhathi sayo sokugcina amandla singafinyelela emahoreni ayi-11. Isamba sokutshalwa kwezimali kwephrojekthi ngama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-3.126. Kuhlelelwe ukuthi ixhunywe kugridi ngokusemthethweni ngaphambi komhla zingama-30 kuSepthemba, 2022, futhi ingaphehla ugesi olinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-435 kWh minyaka yonke.

Isiteshi se-CSP saseDunhuang

Ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla okusebenza buhlanganisa isitoreji samandla e-flywheel, ukugcinwa kwamandla okubandayo, njll.

2. Isitoreji samandla kagesi:

I-Supercapacitor: Ikhawulelwe ukuminyana kwayo okuphansi kwamandla (bheka ngezansi) kanye nokuzikhulula okunzima, okwamanje isetshenziswa kuphela kuhlu oluncane lokuthola amandla emoto, ukushefa okuphezulu ngokushesha, kanye nokugcwaliswa kwesigodi. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile yi-Shanghai Yangshan Deepwater Port, lapho okhreni abangu-23 bathinta kakhulu igridi yamandla. Ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wama-cranes kugridi yamandla, kufakwa isistimu yokugcina amandla engu-3MW/17.2KWh supercapacitor njengomthombo oyisipele, ongahlinzeka ngokuqhubekayo ukunikezwa kukagesi wama-20s.

Isitoreji samandla e-Superconducting: siyeqiwe

3. Isitoreji samandla e-Electrochemical:

Lesi sihloko sihlukanisa isitoreji samandla e-electrochemical esithengiswayo sibe yizigaba ezilandelayo:

I-lead-acid, amabhethri e-lead-carbon

ukugeleza kwebhethri

Amabhethri e-Metal-ion, afaka amabhethri e-lithium-ion, amabhethri e-sodium-ion, njll.

Amabhethri E-Metal-Sulfur/Oxygen/Air Aphinde Ashajwe

nezinye

Amabhethri e-lead-acid kanye ne-lead-carbon: Njengobuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla avuthiwe, amabhethri e-lead-acid asetshenziswa kakhulu ekuqalisweni kwezimoto, ukunikezwa kwamandla okusekelayo kwezikhungo zamandla zesiteshi sesisekelo sokuxhumana, njll. Ngemva kwe-electrode eyi-Pb negative yebhethri le-asidi yomthofu ifakwe izinto zekhabhoni, ibhethri lekhabhoni eholayo lingathuthukisa ngempumelelo inkinga yokukhipha kakhulu. Ngokombiko wonyaka ka-Tianneng wezi-2020, iphrojekthi ye-State Grid Zhicheng (i-Jinling Substation) engu-12MW/48MWh yokugcina amandla ekhabhoni eholayo ephothulwe yile nkampani iyisiteshi sokuqala samandla okugcina amandla ekhabhoni ehola umthofu esiFundazweni saseZhejiang ngisho nezwe lonke.

Ibhethri eligelezayo: Ibhethri eligeleza ngokuvamile liqukethe uketshezi olugcinwe esitsheni esigeleza kuma-electrode. Ukushaja nokukhipha kuqedwa ngolwelwesi lwe-ion exchange; bheka umfanekiso ongezansi.

Isikimu sebhethri eligelezayo

Ngasohlangothini lwebhethri elihamba phambili elimele i-all-vanadium flow, iphrojekthi ye-Guodian Longyuan, engu-5MW/10MWh, ephothulwe yi-Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics kanye ne-Dalian Rongke Energy Storage, ibiwuhlelo olunwebe kakhulu lwe-all-vanadium flow battery energy storage umhlaba ngaleso sikhathi, okwamanje esakhiwa I-all-vanadium redox flow battery energy storage system ifinyelela ku-200MW/800MWh.

Ibhethri le-Metal-ion: ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla e-electrochemical obukhula ngokushesha futhi obusetshenziswa kakhulu. Phakathi kwazo, amabhethri e-lithium-ion avame ukusetshenziswa ku-electronics abathengi, amabhethri kagesi, nezinye izinkambu, futhi izicelo zabo ekugcineni amandla nazo ziyanda. Kubandakanya amaphrojekthi wangaphambilini weHuawei asakhiwa asebenzisa isitoreji samandla ebhethri ye-lithium-ion, iphrojekthi enkulu yokugcina amandla ebhethri ye-lithium-ion eyakhiwe kuze kube manje yisiteshi sokugcina amandla se-Moss Landing esihlanganisa iSigaba I 300MW/1200MWh kanye neSigaba II esingu-100MW/400MWh, a isamba esingu-400MW/1600MWh.

Ibhethri leLithium-Ion

Ngenxa yomkhawulo womthamo wokukhiqiza we-lithium kanye nezindleko, ukufaka esikhundleni se-sodium ion ngenani eliphansi lamandla kodwa izinqolobane eziningi kulindeleke ukuthi zehlise intengo sekuphenduke indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion. Umgomo wayo kanye nezinto eziyinhloko zifana namabhethri e-lithium-ion, kodwa ayikathuthukiswa ngezinga elikhulu. , isistimu yokugcina amandla ebhethri ye-sodium-ion esetshenziswa emibikweni ekhona ibone kuphela isikali esingu-1MWh.

Amabhethri e-aluminium-ion anezici zomthamo omkhulu wethiyori kanye nenqwaba yemithombo. Futhi kuyisiqondiso socwaningo sokushintsha amabhethri e-lithium-ion, kodwa awukho umzila ocacile wokuthengisa. Inkampani yase-India esidume kakhulu isanda kumemezela ukuthi izohweba ngokukhiqizwa kwamabhethri e-aluminium-ion ngonyaka ozayo futhi izokwakha iyunithi yokugcina amandla angu-10MW. Ake silinde sibone.

linda futhi ubone

Amabhethri ensimbi-sulphur/ioksijini/omoya aphinde ashajwe: afaka i-lithium-sulphur, i-lithium-oksijeni/umoya, i-sodium-sulphur, amabhethri omoya e-aluminium angaphinda ashajwe, njll., anokuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu kunamabhethri e-ion. Ummeleli wamanje wokuthengisa amabhethri e-sodium-sulfur. I-NGK okwamanje ingumhlinzeki oholayo wamasistimu ebhethri ye-sodium-sulphur. Isikali esikhulu esisetshenzisiwe singu-108MW/648MWh isistimu yokugcina amandla ebhethri ye-sodium-sulphur e-United Arab Emirates.

4. Ukugcinwa kwamandla ngamakhemikhali: Emashumini eminyaka adlule, uSchrödinger wabhala ukuthi ukuphila kuncike ekutholeni i-entropy engeyinhle. Kodwa uma ungathembeli emandleni angaphandle, i-entropy izokhula, ngakho-ke impilo kufanele ithathe amandla. Ukuphila kuthola indlela yakho, futhi ukugcina amandla, izitshalo ziguqula amandla elanga abe amandla amakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo ngokusebenzisa i-photosynthesis. Ukugcinwa kwamandla amakhemikhali kube yisinqumo semvelo kusukela ekuqaleni. Ukugcinwa kwamandla amakhemikhali kube yindlela yokugcina amandla eqinile kubantu kusukela Kwenza ama-volts aba izitaki zikagesi. Noma kunjalo, ukusetshenziswa kwezentengiso kwendawo yokugcina amandla kusanda kuqala.

Isitoreji se-hydrogen, i-methanol, njll.: Amandla e-hydrogen anezinzuzo ezivelele zokuminyana kwamandla aphezulu, ukuhlanzeka, nokuvikelwa kwemvelo futhi abhekwa kabanzi njengomthombo wamandla ofanele esikhathini esizayo. Umzila wokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen→isitoreji se-hydrogen→iseli yamafutha isivele isendleleni. Njengamanje, iziteshi zokugcwalisa i-hydrogen ezingaphezu kwe-100 ezakhiwe ezweni lami, zibalwa nezihamba phambili emhlabeni, okuhlanganisa nesiteshi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni sokuthela i-hydrogen e-Beijing. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kobuchwepheshe bokugcina i-hydrogen kanye nengozi yokuqhuma kwe-hydrogen, isitoreji se-hydrogen esingaqondile esimelelwe i-methanol singase sibe indlela ebalulekile yamandla esikhathi esizayo, njengobuchwepheshe "belanga eliwuketshezi" lweqembu likaLi Can eDalian Institute. weChemistry, i-Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Amabhethri ayinhloko e-Metal-air: amelwe amabhethri e-aluminium-air ane-high theory yamandla anamandla, kodwa kukhona inqubekelaphambili encane kwezohwebo. I-Phinergy, inkampani emele okukhulunywa ngayo emibikweni eminingi, isebenzise amabhethri e-aluminium emoyeni ezimotweni zayo. Amamayela ayinkulungwane, ikhambi eliholayo ekugcineni amandla amabhethri e-zinc-air aphinde ashajwe.