Ayini amabhethri esimo esiqinile aguqukayo?

Iqembu lososayensi bamazwe ngamazwe lenze uhlobo olusha lwebhethri lesimo esiqinile elingakhuphula ububanzi bezimoto zikagesi futhi livimbele imililo kumakhompyutha aphathekayo nama-smartphone. Ababhali bachaza abakutholile kokuthi Advanced Energy Materials. Ngokushintsha ama-electrolyte awuketshezi asetshenziswa kumabhethri ajwayelekile aphinde ashajwe ngokuthi 'aqinile', ama-ceramic ayakwazi ukukhiqiza amabhethri asebenza kahle kakhulu, ahlala isikhathi eside nawo aphephe kangcono ukuthi angasetshenziswa. Abacwaningi banethemba lokuthi lezi zinzuzo zingavula indlela yamabhethri asebenza kahle, aluhlaza azo zonke izinhlobo zemishini okuhlanganisa nezimoto zikagesi.

Ababhali bocwaningo, abavela e-US nase-UK, bebelokhu behlola ezinye izindlela zama-electrolyte awuketshezi kumabhethri e-lithium ion isikhathi eside. Ngo-2016 bamemezele ukuthuthukiswa kwebhethri lesimo esiqinile esingasebenza ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kumthamo wamaseli we-lithium ion avamile, kodwa ngendlela efanayo.

Nakuba umklamo wabo wakamuva umele ukuthuthuka okuphawulekayo kule nguqulo yangaphambili, umcwaningi uSolwazi uDonald Sadoway we-MIT uphawula ukuthi sisekhona indawo yokuthuthukiswa: "Ukuthola ukuqhutshwa kwe-ionic ephezulu ezintweni zobumba emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kungaba nzima," echaza. "Lena bekuyimpumelelo enkulu." Abacwaningi banethemba lokuthi ngemva kokuhlola la mabhethri athuthukisiwe azobonakala efanelekile ezimotweni zikagesi noma ngisho nezindiza ezinikeza amandla.

Esimeni esiqinile ukulimala kwamabhethri ngenxa yokushisa ngokweqile kuvinjelwa ngokusebenzisa ama-electrolyte e-ceramic esikhundleni sokuvutha, awawuketshezi. Uma ibhethri lilimele futhi iqala ukushisa ngokweqile amashashi e-ceramic electrolyte kunokuba ivutha, okuyivimbela ekubambeni umlilo. Izimbotshana ezakhiweni zalezi zinto eziqinile ziphinde zikwazi ukuthwala umthwalo ophakeme kakhulu wokushaja kagesi ngama-ion ahamba ngenethiwekhi enwetshiwe ngaphakathi kokuqinile.

Lezi zici zisho ukuthi ososayensi bakwazile ukuphakamisa kokubili amandla kagesi namandla amabhethri abo uma kuqhathaniswa nalawo aqukethe ama-electrolyte oketshezi oluvuthayo. Eqinisweni, uProfesa Sadoway wathi: “Sibonise ingqamuzana lomoya eliyi-lithium elinamavolthi angu-12 asebenza ku-90 degrees C [194° F]. Lokho kuphakeme kunanoma ubani omunye.”

Lo mklamo omusha webhethri unezinye izinzuzo ezingaba khona ngaphezu kwama-electrolyte avuthayo, okuhlanganisa neqiniso lokuthi ama-electrolyte e-ceramic ngokuvamile azinzile kunalawo aphilayo. Okumangazayo yindlela esebenze kahle ngayo,” kusho uSolwazi Sadoway. "Sithole amandla engeziwe kuleli cell kunalokho esikufake kulo."

Lokhu kuzinza kungavumela abakhiqizi ukuthi bapakishe izinombolo ezinkulu zamaseli esimo esiqinile kumakhompyutha aphathekayo noma ezimotweni zikagesi ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokuthi zishisa ngokweqile, okwenza amadivaysi aphephe kakhulu futhi andise impilo yawo yokusebenza. Okwamanje, uma lezi zinhlobo zamabhethri zishisa ngokweqile ziba sengozini yokuba nomlilo - njengoba kwenzeka kamuva nje ngefoni ye-Samsung Galaxy Note 7. Amalangabi okuba umphumela angeke akwazi ukusabalala ngenxa yokuthi awukho umoya ngaphakathi kwamangqamuzana osekela ukuvutha; ngempela, bebengeke bakwazi ukusabalala ngale kwesizinda somonakalo wokuqala.

Lezi zinto eziqinile nazo zihlala isikhathi eside; ngokuphambene, eminye imizamo yokwenza amabhethri e-lithium ion ane-electrolyte ewuketshezi evuthayo, esebenza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (ngaphezu kuka-100 ° C) abamba umlilo njalo ngemva kwemijikelezo engu-500 noma engu-600. Ama-electrolyte e-ceramic angakwazi ukumelana nemijikelezo yokushaja/yokukhipha engaphezu kuka-7500 ngaphandle kokubamba umlilo."

Okutholakele okusha kungase kubaluleke kakhulu kukho kokubili ukunweba ububanzi be-EVs nokuvimbela imililo yama-smartphone. NgokukaSadoway: "Izizukulwane ezindala zamabhethri ayenamabhethri e-lead [lemoto] eqalisa i-asidi yomthofu. Ayenobubanzi obufushane kodwa ayethembeke ngendlela emangalisayo," esho enezela ukuthi ubuthakathaka babo obungalindelekile ukuthi "uma kushisa ngaphezu kuka-60 ° C ngaleso sikhathi. kungavutha umlilo."

Amabhethri e-lithium ion anamuhla, uyachaza, ayisinyathelo sokukhuphuka kulokhu. "Zinobude obude kodwa zingalinyazwa ukushisa ngokweqile nokubamba umlilo," esho enezela ukuthi ibhethri elisha le-solid state kungenzeka "liyimpumelelo enkulu" ngoba lingaholela kumadivayisi athembeke kakhulu, aphephe kakhudlwana.

Ososayensi bakwa-MIT bacabanga ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe bungathatha iminyaka emihlanu ukuthi busetshenziswe kabanzi kodwa noma nje ngonyaka ozayo banethemba lokubona lolu hlobo lwamabhethri lufakwe kuma-smartphone avela kubakhiqizi abakhulu abafana noSamsung noma i-Apple. Baphinde baphawula ukuthi kuningi okusetshenziselwa ukuhweba kulawa maseli ngaphandle kwamafoni, okuhlanganisa amalaptop nezimoto zikagesi.

Nokho uProfessor Sadoway uxwayisa ngokuthi kusenendlela ethile okumele yenziwe ngaphambi kokuthi ubuchwepheshe bupheleliswe. "Sinengqamuzana elibukeka lihle kakhulu kodwa kusesekuseni kakhulu . . . Akumele senze amaseli anesilinganiso esikhulu, ama-electrode anamandla amakhulu."

I-Sadoway ikholelwa ukuthi le mpumelelo izokwamukelwa kabanzi ngokushesha ngoba inamandla okufaka amafutha e-EV ngobubanzi obukhulu kakhulu kodwa futhi ingase ivimbele imililo yama-smartphone. Mhlawumbe okumangaza kakhulu ukubikezela kwakhe ukuthi amabhethri esimo esiqinile angase asetshenziswe emhlabeni wonke esikhathini esingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu uma abakhiqizi abaningi sebeqiniseka ngokuphepha nokwethembeka kwabo.