By hoppt
Ukwethula
Ibhethri indawo ekhiqiza amandla enkomishini, ikani, noma esinye isiqukathi noma isiqukathi esiqukethe isixazululo se-electrolyte nama-electrode ensimbi. Kafushane, iyithuluzi elingaguqula amandla amakhemikhali abe amandla kagesi. Ine-electrode eqondile kanye ne-electrode engalungile. Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, amabhethri aziwa kabanzi njengamadivayisi amancane akhiqiza amandla kagesi, njengamaseli elanga. Imingcele yobuchwepheshe yebhethri ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa amandla e-electromotive, umthamo, iphuzu elithile, nokumelana. Ukusebenzisa ibhethri njengomthombo wamandla kungathola amandla kagesi aqinile, amandla aqinile, ukunikezwa kwamandla okuzinzile kwesikhathi eside, namandla angaphandle aphansi. Ibhethri linesakhiwo esilula, ukuthwala okulula, ukushaja okulula, kanye nokusebenza kokushajwa futhi alithintwa isimo sezulu nezinga lokushisa. Inokusebenza okuzinzile nokuthembekile futhi idlala indima enkulu kuzo zonke izici zempilo yesimanjemanje.
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhethri
sokuqukethwe
Ukwethula
Okwesithathu, inqubo nemingcele
3.1 Amandla kagesi
3.2 Umthamo olinganiselwe
3.3 I-voltage elinganiselwe
3.4 Vula i-voltage yesekethe
3.5 Ukumelana kwangaphakathi
3.6 Ukuphazamiseka
3.7 Izinga lokushaja nokukhipha
3.8 Impilo yesevisi
3.9 Izinga lokuzikhulula
Okwesine, uhlobo lwebhethri
4.1 Uhlu losayizi webhethri
4.2 Izinga Lebhethri
4.3 Ibhethri elijwayelekile
Eyesihlanu, itheminology
5.1 Izinga Likazwelonke
5.2 Umqondo ojwayelekile webhethri
5.3 Ukukhetha ibhethri
5.4 Ukugaywa kabusha kwebhethri
Ngo-1746, uMason Brock waseLeiden University eNetherlands wasungula i-"Leiden Jar" ukuze aqoqe imali kagesi. Wabona ugesi kunzima ukuwuphatha kodwa washeshe wanyamalala emoyeni. Wayefuna indlela yokonga ugesi. Ngolunye usuku, wabamba ibhakede elalilenga emoyeni, elixhunywe injini nebhakede, wakhipha ucingo lwethusi ebhakedeni, walucwilisa ebhodleleni lengilazi eligcwele amanzi. Umsizi wakhe wayephethe ibhodlela lengilazi, futhi uMason Bullock wanyakazisa injini eceleni. Ngalesi sikhathi, umsizi wakhe uthinte umgqomo ngephutha futhi kungazelelwe wezwa ukushaqeka okunamandla kukagesi wamemeza. UMason Bullock wabe esexhumana nomsizi wacela umsizi ukuba anyakazise injini. Ngaso leso sikhathi wayephethe ibhodlela lamanzi ngesinye isandla wathinta isibhamu ngesinye. Ibhethri lisesesigabeni se-embryonic, u-Leiden Jarre.
Ngo-1780, isazi se-anatomist sase-Italy uLuigi Gallini wathinta ngephutha ithanga lexoxo ngenkathi ebambe amathuluzi ensimbi ahlukene ngezandla zombili ngenkathi ehlinza ixoxo. Imisipha emilenzeni yesele yanyakaza ngokushesha kwangathi ithuswa wukushaywa wugesi. Uma uthinta kuphela ixoxo ngensimbi, ngeke kube khona ukusabela okunjalo. UGreene ukholelwa ukuthi lesi senzakalo senzeka ngoba ugesi ukhiqizwa emzimbeni wesilwane, obizwa ngokuthi "i-bioelectricity."
Ukutholakala kwemibhangqwana ye-galvanic kwavusa isithakazelo esikhulu sezazi zefiziksi, ezagijimela ukuphinda ukuhlolwa kwesele ukuze zithole indlela yokukhiqiza ugesi. Isazi sefiziksi saseNtaliyane uWalter sathi ngemva kokuhlolwa okuningana: umqondo we "bioelectricity" awulungile. Imisipha yamaxoxo ekwazi ukukhiqiza ugesi ingase ibe ngenxa yoketshezi. U-Volt wacwilisa izingcezu zensimbi ezimbili ezihlukene kwezinye izixazululo ukuze afakazele iphuzu lakhe.
Ngo-1799, uVolt wacwilisa ipuleti le-zinc kanye nethayela emanzini anosawoti futhi wathola amanzi agelezayo ezintanjeni ezixhuma lezi zinsimbi ezimbili. Ngakho-ke, wafaka indwangu eningi ethambile noma iphepha elifakwe emanzini anosawoti phakathi kwama-zinc nama-flakes esiliva. Lapho ezithinta zombili izandla zakhe, wezwa ugesi unamandla. Kuvela ukuthi inqobo nje uma enye yezinsimbi ezimbili zensimbi isabela ngamakhemikhali ngesisombululo, Izokhiqiza amandla kagesi phakathi kwamapuleti ensimbi.
Ngale ndlela, iVolt ikhiqize ngempumelelo ibhethri lokuqala emhlabeni, "Volt Stack," okuyiphakethe lebhethri elixhunywe uchungechunge. Yaba umthombo wamandla wokuhlolwa kukagesi kwasekuqaleni kanye nama-telegraph.
Ngo-1836, uDaniel waseNgilandi wenza ngcono i-"Volt Reactor." Wasebenzisa i-dilute sulfuric acid njenge-electrolyte ukuze axazulule inkinga ye-polarization yebhethri futhi wakhiqiza ibhethri lokuqala le-zinc-copper elingena-polarized elingagcina ibhalansi yamanje. Kodwa lawa mabhethri anenkinga; i-voltage izokwehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Uma i-voltage yebhethri yehla ngemva kwesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, Inganikeza i-current reverse ukuze inyuse i-voltage yebhethri. Ngoba Ingakwazi ukushajwa kabusha leli bhethri, Ingakwazi ukuphinda iyisebenzise.
Ngo-1860, umFulentshi uGeorge Leclanche naye wasungula umanduleli webhethri (ibhethri le-carbon-zinc), elisetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni. I-electrode iyi-electrode exubile yama-volts kanye ne-zinc ye-electrode engalungile. I-electrode engalungile ixubene ne-electrode ye-zinc, futhi i-carbon rod ifakwe engxubeni njengomqoqi wamanje. Womabili ama-electrode acwiliswa ku-ammonium chloride (njengesixazululo se-electrolytic). Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi "ibhethri elimanzi." Leli bhethri ishibhile futhi liqondile, ngakho alizange lithathelwe indawo "amabhethri omile" kuze kube ngu-1880. I-electrode engalungile iguqulwa ibe ithini le-zinc (i-battery casing), futhi i-electrolyte iba unamathisele esikhundleni soketshezi. Leli ibhethri le-carbon-zinc esilisebenzisa namuhla.
Ngo-1887, iBritish Helson yasungula ibhethri elomile lokuqala. I-electrolyte yebhethri eyomile ifana nokunamathisela, ayivuzi, futhi kulula ukuyiphatha, ngakho isisetshenziswe kabanzi.
Ngo-1890, uThomas Edison wasungula ibhethri ye-iron-nickel ekwazi ukushajwa.
Kubhethri lekhemikhali, ukuguqulwa kwamandla ekhemikhali abe amandla kagesi kubangelwa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuzenzakalelayo njenge-redox ngaphakathi kwebhethri. Lokhu kusabela kwenziwa kuma-electrode amabili. I-electrode eyingozi esebenzayo ihlanganisa izinsimbi ezisebenzayo njenge-zinc, cadmium, lead, ne-hydrogen noma ama-hydrocarbon. I-electrode enhle esebenzayo ihlanganisa i-manganese dioxide, i-lead dioxide, i-nickel oxide, amanye ama-oxide ensimbi, umoya-mpilo noma umoya, ama-halogen, usawoti, ama-oxyacids, usawoti, nokunye okunjalo. I-electrolyte iyinto ene-ion conductivity enhle, njengesisombululo esinamanzi se-asidi, i-alkali, usawoti, i-organic noma i-inorganic non-aqueous solution, usawoti oncibilikisiwe, noma i-electrolyte eqinile.
Lapho isifunda sangaphandle sinqanyulwa, kukhona umehluko ongase ube khona (i-voltage yesifunda evulekile). Noma kunjalo, akukho okwamanje, futhi Ayikwazi ukuguqula amandla ekhemikhali agcinwe ebhethrini abe amandla kagesi. Lapho isifunda sangaphandle sivaliwe, ngoba awekho ama-electron mahhala ku-electrolyte, ngaphansi kwesenzo somehluko ongase ube khona phakathi kwama-electrode amabili, okwamanje ugeleza ngesifunda sangaphandle. Igeleza ngaphakathi kwebhethri ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ukudluliswa kwenkokhiso kuhambisana nokokusebenza okuguquguqukayo kanye ne-electrolyte—i-oxidation noma ukusabela okuncishisiwe kusixhumi esibonakalayo kanye nokufuduka kwama-reactants nemikhiqizo yokusabela. Ukufuduka kwama-ion kufeza ukudluliswa kwenkokhiso ku-electrolyte.
Ukudlulisa ukushaja okujwayelekile kanye nenqubo yokudlulisa ngobuningi ngaphakathi kwebhethri kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphuma okujwayelekile kwamandla kagesi. Ngesikhathi sokushaja, isiqondiso sokudluliswa kwamandla kwangaphakathi kanye nenqubo yokudlulisa ngobuningi kuphambene nokukhishwa. Ukusabela kwe-electrode kufanele kubuyiselwe emuva ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinqubo zokudlulisa ezijwayelekile neziningi ziphambene. Ngakho-ke, ukusabela okuguquguqukayo kwe-electrode kuyadingeka ukuze kwakhiwe ibhethri. Lapho i-electrode idlula amandla okulinganisa, i-electrode izophambuka ngokushintshashintsha. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi i-polarization. Uma kukhulu ukuminyana kwamanje (okwamanje ukudlula endaweni yeyunithi ye-electrode), i-polarization eyengeziwe, okungesinye sezizathu ezibalulekile zokulahlekelwa amandla ebhethri.
Izizathu ze-polarization: Qaphela
① I-polarization ebangelwa ukumelana kwengxenye ngayinye yebhethri ibizwa ngokuthi i-ohmic polarization.
② I-polarization ebangelwa isithiyo senqubo yokudlulisa ukushaja kusendlalelo esibonakalayo se-electrolyte kubizwa nge-activation polarization.
③ I-polarization ebangelwa inqubo yokudlulisa isisindo esihamba kancane kungqimba ye-electrolyte interface ibizwa ngokuthi i-concentration polarization. Indlela yokunciphisa le polarization ukukhulisa indawo yokusabela kwe-electrode, ukunciphisa ukuminyana kwamanje, ukwandisa izinga lokushisa lokusabela, nokuthuthukisa umsebenzi we-catalytic we-electrode surface.
Okwesithathu, inqubo nemingcele
3.1 Amandla kagesi
Amandla e-electromotive umehluko phakathi kwamandla e-electrode alinganiselayo ama-electrode amabili. Thatha ibhethri le-lead-acid njengesibonelo, E=Ф+0-Ф-0+RT/F*In (αH2SO4/αH2O).
E: amandla e-electromotive
Ф+0: Amandla e-electrode ajwayelekile, 1.690 V.
I-Ф-0: Amandla e-electrode engalungile evamile, 1.690 V.
R: I-General gas constant, 8.314.
T: Izinga lokushisa le-ambient.
F: I-Faraday engaguquki, inani layo lingu-96485.
I-αH2SO4: Umsebenzi we-Sulfuric acid uhlobene nokuhlushwa kwe-sulfuric acid.
I-αH2O: Umsebenzi wamanzi ohlobene nokuhlushwa kwe-sulfuric acid.
Ingabona kufomula engenhla ukuthi amandla ajwayelekile e-electromotive ebhethri le-lead-acid angu-1.690-(-0.356)=2.046V, ngakho amandla ombane webhethri ngu-2V. Izisebenzi ze-electromotive zamabhethri e-lead-acid zihlobene nezinga lokushisa kanye nokugxila kwe-sulfuric acid.
3.2 Umthamo olinganiselwe
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezicaciswe ekwakhiweni (ezifana nezinga lokushisa, izinga lokuphuma, i-terminal voltage, njll.), umthamo omncane (iyunithi: i-ampere/ihora) okufanele ibhethri liwukhiphe uboniswa uphawu C. Umthamo uthintwa kakhulu izinga lokukhipha. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokukhipha ngokuvamile limelelwa izinombolo zesi-Arabhu ekhoneni elingezansi kwesokudla sencwadi C. Isibonelo, i-C20=50, okusho ukuthi umthamo wama-amperes angu-50 ngehora ngesilinganiso sezikhathi ezingu-20. Ingakwazi ukunquma ngokunembile umthamo wethiyori webhethri ngokuya ngenani lezinto ezisebenzayo ze-electrode kufomula yokusabela kwebhethri kanye nokulingana kwe-electrochemical kokokusebenza okusebenzayo okubalwe ngokomthetho kaFaraday. Ngenxa yokusabela okuseceleni okungenzeka ebhethrini kanye nezidingo ezihlukile zedizayini, umthamo wangempela webhethri uvamise ukuba ngaphansi kunomthamo wethiyori.
3.3 I-voltage elinganiselwe
I-voltage evamile yokusebenza yebhethri kuzinga lokushisa legumbi, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-voltage yegama. Ukuze uthole ireferensi, lapho ukhetha izinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhethri. I-voltage yangempela yokusebenza yebhethri ilingana nomehluko phakathi kwamandla e-electrode ebhalansi yama-electrode aqondile noma angalungile ngaphansi kwezinye izimo zokusetshenziswa. Ihlobene kuphela nohlobo lwezinto ezisebenzayo ze-electrode futhi azihlangene nokuqukethwe kwezinto ezisebenzayo. I-voltage yebhethri empeleni iyi-voltage ye-DC. Noma kunjalo, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ezikhethekile, ukuguqulwa kwesigaba sekristalu yensimbi noma ifilimu eyakhiwe izigaba ezithile ezibangelwa ukusabela kwe-electrode kuzodala ukuguquguquka okuncane ku-voltage. Lesi simo sibizwa ngomsindo. I-amplitude yalokhu kuguquguquka incane, kodwa ububanzi befrikhwensi bukhulu, obungahlukaniswa nomsindo ozithokozisayo kusekethe.
3.4 Vula i-voltage yesekethe
I-terminal voltage yebhethri esimweni sesekhethi evulekile ibizwa ngokuthi i-open-circuit voltage. I-voltage ye-open-circuit yebhethri ilingana nomehluko phakathi kwamandla amahle noma angalungile ebhethri uma ibhethri ivuliwe (akukho okwamanje okugeleza phakathi kwezigxobo ezimbili). I-voltage ye-open-circuit yebhethri imelelwa ngu-V, okungukuthi, i-V on=Ф+-Ф-, lapho i-Ф+ ne-Ф- ingamandla amahle kanye namabi wesiphepho, ngokulandelana. I-voltage yesekhethi evulekile yebhethri ivamise ukuba ngaphansi kwamandla ayo e-electromotive. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amandla e-electrode akheke esixazululweni se-electrolyte kuma-electrode amabili ebhethri ngokuvamile awawona amandla ama-electrode abhalansile kodwa amandla e-electrode azinzile. Ngokuvamile, amandla kagesi ebhethri acishe alingane namandla e-electromotive esiphepho.
3.5 Ukumelana kwangaphakathi
Ukumelana nebhethri kwangaphakathi kubhekisela ekuphikiseni okutholwa lapho amandla amanje edlula esiphepho. Ihlanganisa ukumelana kwangaphakathi kwe-ohmic kanye ne-polarization yangaphakathi ukumelana, futhi ukumelana kwangaphakathi kwe-polarization kune-electrochemical polarization ukumelana kwangaphakathi kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-polarization ukumelana kwangaphakathi. Ngenxa yokuba khona kokumelana kwangaphakathi, i-voltage esebenzayo yebhethri ihlale ingaphansi kwamandla e-electromotive noma i-open-circuit voltage yesiphepho.
Njengoba ukwakheka kwezinto ezisebenzayo, ukugxila kwe-electrolyte, nokushisa kushintsha njalo, ukumelana kwangaphakathi kwebhethri akuhlali njalo. Izoshintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi phakathi nenqubo yokushaja neyokukhipha. Ukumelana ne-ohmic yangaphakathi kulandela umthetho we-Ohm, futhi ukumelana kwangaphakathi kwe-polarization kuyanda ngokukhula kokuminyana kwamanje, kodwa akukona umugqa.
Ukumelana kwangaphakathi kuyinkomba ebalulekile enquma ukusebenza kwebhethri. Ithinta ngokuqondile amandla ogesi okusebenza ebhethri, amandla amanje, aphumayo, namandla amabhethri, uma kuncane ukumelana kwangaphakathi, kuba ngcono.
3.6 Ukuphazamiseka
Ibhethri inendawo yokusebenzela ye-electrolyte enosayizi omkhulu, engalingana nesekethe yochungechunge olula enamandla amakhulu, ukumelana nokuncane, kanye ne-inductance encane. Kodwa-ke, isimo sangempela siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi njengoba ukungasebenzi kwebhethri kushintsha ngesikhathi kanye nezinga le-DC, futhi ukuvinjelwa okulinganiselwe kusebenza kuphela esimweni esithile sokulinganisa.
3.7 Izinga lokushaja nokukhipha
Inezinkulumo ezimbili: isilinganiso sesikhathi nokukhulisa. Izinga lesikhathi yijubane lokushaja nokukhipha elikhonjiswe isikhathi sokushaja nokukhipha. Inani lilingana nenani lamahora atholwe ngokuhlukanisa umthamo olinganiselwe webhethri (A·h) ngokushaja okunqunywe kusengaphambili nokukhipha okwamanje (A). Ukukhulisa ukuphambana kwesilinganiso sesikhathi. Izinga lokuphuma kwebhethri eliyinhloko libhekisela esikhathini esithatha ukumelana okuthile okugxilile ukuze likhiphe ku-voltage yetheminali. Izinga lokukhishwa linomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwebhethri.
3.8 Impilo yesevisi
Impilo yesitoreji isho isikhathi esiphezulu esivunyelwe sokugcina phakathi kokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwebhethri. Isikhathi esiphelele, okuhlanganisa nezikhathi zokugcina nokusebenzisa, kubizwa ngokuthi idethi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwebhethri. Impilo yebhethri ihlukaniswe yaba impilo eyomile yokugcina kanye nempilo yokugcina emanzi. Impilo yomjikelezo isho ukushajwa okuphezulu nemijikelezo yokukhipha ibhethri elingafinyelela kuyo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Isistimu yokuhlola umjikelezo wokushaja kufanele icaciswe phakathi nomjikelezo wempilo eshiwo, okuhlanganisa izinga lokushajwa, ukujula kokukhipha, kanye nebanga lokushisa elizungezile.
3.9 Izinga lokuzikhulula
Izinga ibhethri elahlekelwa ngalo amandla ngesikhathi sokulondoloza. Amandla alahleka ngokuzikhipha ngokwawo ngesikhathi sokulondoloza iyunithi avezwa njengephesenti lomthamo webhethri ngaphambi kokubeka.
Okwesine, uhlobo lwebhethri
4.1 Uhlu losayizi webhethri
Amabhethri ahlukaniswe amabhethri alahlwayo namabhethri aphinde ashajwe. Amabhethri alahlwayo anezinsiza zobuchwepheshe ezihlukene namazinga kwamanye amazwe nezifunda. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuba izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe zenze amamodeli ajwayelekile, amamodeli amaningi akhiqizwa. Iningi lalawa mamodeli ebhethri liqanjwe abakhiqizi noma iminyango kazwelonke efanele, eyakha amasistimu okuqamba ahlukene. Ngokusho kobukhulu bebhethri, amamodeli ebhethri e-alkaline yezwe lami angahlukaniswa abe yi-No. 1, No. 2, No. 5, No. 7, No. 8, No. 9, kanye ne-NV; amamodeli ahambisanayo e-alkaline aseMelika yi-D, C, AA, AAA, N, AAAA, PP3, njll. E-China, amanye amabhethri azosebenzisa indlela yokuqamba yaseMelika. Ngokwezinga le-IEC, incazelo ephelele yemodeli yebhethri kufanele ibe ikhemistri, umumo, usayizi, nokuhlelwa okuhlelekile.
1) Imodeli ye-AAAA iyivelakancane. Ibhethri elijwayelekile le-AAAA (ikhanda eliyisicaba) linobude obungu-41.5±0.5 mm nobubanzi obungu-8.1±0.2 mm.
2) Amabhethri e-AAA avame kakhulu. Ibhethri elijwayelekile le-AAA (ikhanda eliyisicaba) linobude obungu-43.6±0.5mm nobubanzi obungu-10.1±0.2mm.
3) Amabhethri ohlobo lwe-AA aziwa kakhulu. Womabili amakhamera edijithali namathoyizi kagesi asebenzisa amabhethri e-AA. Ukuphakama kwebhethri elijwayelekile le-AA (ikhanda eliyisicaba) lingu-48.0±0.5mm, kanti ububanzi bungu-14.1±0.2mm.
4) Amamodeli ayivelakancane. Lolu chungechunge luvamise ukusetshenziswa njengeseli yebhethri kuphakethe lebhethri. Kumakhamera amadala, cishe wonke amabhethri e-nickel-cadmium nawe-nickel-metal hydride angamabhethri angu-4/5A noma angu-4/5SC. Ibhethri elijwayelekile elingu-A (ikhanda eliyisicaba) linobude obungu-49.0±0.5 mm nobubanzi obungu-16.8±0.2 mm.
5) Imodeli ye-SC nayo ayijwayelekile. Ngokuvamile kuba iseli yebhethri ephaketheni lebhethri. Ingabonakala kumathuluzi kagesi namakhamera, namathuluzi angenisiwe. Ibhethri lendabuko le-SC (ikhanda eliyisicaba) linobude obungu-42.0±0.5mm nobubanzi obungu-22.1±0.2mm.
6) Uhlobo C lulingana nebhethri elingunombolo 2 laseChina. Ibhethri elijwayelekile elingu-C (ikhanda eliyisicaba) linobude obungu-49.5±0.5 mm nobubanzi obungu-25.3±0.2 mm.
7) Uhlobo D lulingana nebhethri elingunombolo 1 laseChina. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni zikagesi zomphakathi, ezempi, kanye nezihlukile ze-DC. Ukuphakama kwebhethri elijwayelekile elingu-D (ikhanda eliyisicaba) lingu-59.0±0.5mm, kanti ububanzi bungu-32.3±0.2mm.
8) Imodeli engu-N ayabiwanga. Ukuphakama kwebhethri elijwayelekile elingu-N (ikhanda eliyisicaba) lingu-28.5±0.5 mm, kanti ububanzi bungu-11.7±0.2 mm.
9) Amabhethri ka-F namabhethri amandla esizukulwane esisha asetshenziswa kuma-mopeds kagesi anomkhuba wokushintsha amabhethri e-asidi enomthofu angenakulungiswa, futhi amabhethri e-lead-asidi ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njengamaseli ebhethri. Ibhethri elijwayelekile elingu-F (ikhanda eliyisicaba) linobude obungu-89.0±0.5 mm nobubanzi obungu-32.3±0.2 mm.
4.2 Izinga Lebhethri
A. Ibhethri elijwayelekile laseShayina
Thatha ibhethri engu-6-QAW-54a njengesibonelo.
Isithupha sisho ukuthi yakhiwe ngamaseli angu-6 owodwa, futhi ibhethri ngalinye linevoltheji engu-2V; okungukuthi, i-voltage elinganiselwe ingu-12V.
U-Q ukhombisa inhloso yebhethri, u-Q ibhethri lokuqalisa imoto, M ibhethri lezithuthuthu, i-JC ibhethri lasolwandle, i-HK ibhethri lendiza, D ibhethri lezimoto zikagesi, kanti u-F yi-valve elawulwayo. ibhethri.
U-A no-W bakhombisa uhlobo lwebhethri: U-A ukhombisa ibhethri elomile, kanti u-W ukhombisa ibhethri elingalungiswa. Uma umaki ungacacile, wuhlobo olujwayelekile lwebhethri.
54 ikhombisa ukuthi umthamo olinganiselwe webhethri ngu-54Ah (ibhethri elishajwe ngokugcwele likhishwa ngenani lamahora angu-20 lokuphuma lamanje endaweni yezinga lokushisa, kanye nokuphuma kwebhethri amahora angu-20).
Umaki wekhona u-a umele ukuthuthukiswa kokuqala komkhiqizo wokuqala, umaki wekhona u-b umele ukuthuthukiswa kwesibili, njalo njalo.
Qaphela:
1) Engeza u-D ngemva kwemodeli ukuze ubonise ukusebenza okuhle kokuqala kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi, okufana no-6-QA-110D
2) Ngemuva kwemodeli, engeza i-HD ukukhombisa ukumelana nokudlidliza okuphezulu.
3) Ngemuva kwemodeli, engeza i-DF ukukhombisa ukulayisha okuhlanekezela okunethempelesha eliphansi, okufana ne-6-QA-165DF
B. Ibhethri elijwayelekile le-JIS yaseJapan
Ngo-1979, imodeli yebhethri evamile yaseJapane yamelwa inkampani yaseJapane i-N. Inombolo yokugcina usayizi wekhompathimenti yebhethri, evezwa isilinganiso esilinganiselwe somthamo webhethri, njenge-NS40ZL:
I-N imele izinga le-JIS yaseJapane.
I-S isho ukuguqulwa okuncane; okungukuthi, umthamo wangempela ungaphansi kuka-40Ah, 36Ah.
I-Z ikhombisa ukuthi inokukhipha ukukhishwa kokuqala okungcono ngaphansi kosayizi ofanayo.
L isho ukuthi i-electrode ephozithivu isekupheleni kwesokunxele, u-R umele i-electrode ephozithivu isekupheleni kwesokudla, njenge-NS70R (Qaphela: Kusukela ohlangothini olukude nesitaki sesigxobo sebhethri)
U-S ukhombisa ukuthi indawo yokubeka isigxobo ijiyile kunebhethri lomthamo ofanayo (NS60SL). (Qaphela: Ngokuvamile, izigxobo zebhethri eziphozithivu nezinegethivu zinamadayamitha ahlukene ukuze zingaphambanisi ibhethri.)
Ngo-1982, Yasebenzisa amamodeli ebhethri ajwayelekile aseJapan ngamazinga amasha, afana ne-38B20L (elingana ne-NS40ZL):
38 imele imingcele yokusebenza kwebhethri. Uma inombolo iphezulu, amandla ebhethri angawagcina.
U-B umele ububanzi nobude bekhodi yebhethri. Inhlanganisela yobubanzi nobude bebhethri imelelwa enye yezinhlamvu eziyisishiyagalombili (A kuya ku-H). Uma uhlamvu lusondela ku-H, bukhulu ububanzi nobude bebhethri.
Amashumi amabili asho ukuthi ubude bebhethri bungaba ngu-20 cm.
U-L umele indawo yetheminali ephozithivu. Ngokombono webhethri, itheminali ephozithivu isekupheleni kwesokudla imakwe R, futhi itheminali ephozithivu isekupheleni kwesokunxele iphawulwe ngokuthi L.
C. Ibhethri elijwayelekile le-DIN yesiJalimane
Thatha ibhethri 544 34 njengesibonelo:
Inombolo yokuqala, 5 ikhombisa ukuthi umthamo olinganiselwe webhethri ungaphansi kuka-100Ah; zokuqala eziyisithupha ziphakamisa ukuthi umthamo webhethri uphakathi kuka-100Ah no-200Ah; Ezokuqala eziyisikhombisa zibonisa ukuthi umthamo olinganiselwe webhethri ungaphezu kuka-200Ah. Ngokusho kwayo, umthamo olinganiselwe webhethri ye-54434 ngu-44 Ah; umthamo olinganiselwe webhethri le-610 17MF ngu-110 Ah; umthamo olinganiselwe webhethri we-700 27 ngu-200 Ah.
Izinombolo ezimbili emva komthamo zikhombisa inombolo yeqembu losayizi webhethri.
I-MF imele uhlobo olunganakekeli.
D. American BCI ibhethri elijwayelekile
Thatha ibhethri 58430 (12V 430A 80min) njengesibonelo:
58 imele inombolo yeqembu losayizi webhethri.
430 ikhombisa ukuthi isiqalo esibandayo singu-430A.
I-80min isho ukuthi umthamo wokugcina ibhethri ungama-80min.
Ibhethri elijwayelekile laseMelika lingaphinda livezwe ngokuthi 78-600, 78 lisho inombolo yeqembu losayizi webhethri, 600 isho ukuthi isiqalo esibandayo singu-600A.
① Kulokhu, imingcele ebaluleke kakhulu yezobuchwepheshe yenjini yimanje kanye nezinga lokushisa lapho injini iqalwa. Isibonelo, izinga lokushisa elincane lokuqala lomshini lihlobene nezinga lokushisa lokuqala lenjini kanye ne-voltage encane yokusebenza yokuqala nokuthungela. Ubuncane bamanje obunikezwa yibhethri uma amandla kagesi etheminali ehla aze afike ku-7.2V phakathi kwamasekhondi angu-30 ngemva kokuba ibhethri elingu-12V selishajwe ngokugcwele. Isilinganiso sokuqala esibandayo sinikeza inani lamanje eliphelele.
② Umthamo we-Reserve (RC): Uma isistimu yokushaja ingasebenzi, ngokuthungela ibhethri ebusuku futhi unikeze umthamo omncane wesekethe, isikhathi esilinganiselwe imoto engagijima ngaso, ikakhulukazi: ku-25±2°C, ishajwe ngokugcwele I-12V. ibhethri, lapho i-25a yamanje engaguquki iphuma, isikhathi sokukhipha i-voltage yebhethri sehla siye ku-10.5±0.05V.
4.3 Ibhethri elijwayelekile
1) Ibhethri elomile
Amabhethri omile abizwa nangokuthi amabhethri e-manganese-zinc. Okubizwa ngebhethri elomile kuhlobene nebhethri ye-voltaic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-manganese-zinc ibhekisela ezintweni zayo ezingavuthiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto ezifana namabhethri esiliva e-oxide namabhethri e-nickel-cadmium. I-voltage yebhethri ye-manganese-zinc ingu-1.5V. Amabhethri omile asebenzisa izinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali ukuze akhiqize ugesi. I-voltage ayiphezulu, futhi i-current eqhubekayo ekhiqizwayo ayikwazi ukudlula i-1A.
2) Ibhethri le-lead-acid
Amabhethri okugcina angelinye lamabhethri asetshenziswa kakhulu. Gcwalisa imbiza yengilazi noma ibhodlela lepulasitiki nge-sulfuric acid, bese ufaka amapuleti omthofu amabili, elilodwa lixhunywe ku-electrode ephozithivu yeshaja kanti enye ixhunywe ku-electrode engalungile yeshaja. Ngemva kokushajwa kwamahora angaphezu kweshumi, ibhethri liyakhiwa. Kukhona i-voltage engu-2 volts phakathi kwezigxobo zayo ezinhle nezimbi. Ubuhle bayo ukuthi Ingakwazi ukuphinda iyisebenzise. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokumelana kwayo okuphansi kwangaphakathi, Ingakwazi ukunikeza umsinga omkhulu. Uma isetshenziselwa ukunika amandla injini yemoto, umsinga osheshayo ungafinyelela kuma-ampere angu-20. Uma ibhethri lishajwa, amandla kagesi ayagcinwa, futhi lapho ekhishwa, amandla amakhemikhali aguqulwa abe amandla kagesi.
3) Ibhethri ye-lithium
Ibhethri eline-lithium njenge-electrode eyinegethivu. Iwuhlobo olusha lwebhethri elinamandla amakhulu elakhiwa ngemuva kweminyaka yawo-1960.
Izinzuzo zamabhethri e-lithium yi-voltage ephezulu yamangqamuzana angawodwa, amandla athile athile, impilo ende yokugcina (kufika eminyakeni eyi-10), nokusebenza okuhle kwezinga lokushisa (elisetshenziswa ku -40 kuya ku-150 ° C). Ububi wukuthi iyabiza futhi iphansi kwezokuphepha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-voltage hysteresis yayo nezindaba zokuphepha zidinga ukuthuthukiswa. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri amandla kanye nezinto ezintsha ze-cathode, ikakhulukazi izinto ze-lithium iron phosphate, zenze umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni amabhethri e-lithium.
Eyesihlanu, itheminology
5.1 Izinga Likazwelonke
Izinga le-IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) liyinhlangano yomhlaba wonke yokumiswa eyakhiwe yi-National Electrotechnical Commission, okuhloswe ngayo ukukhuthaza ukumiswa kwezinkambu zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi.
Izinga likazwelonke lamabhethri e-nickel-cadmium GB/T11013 U 1996 GB/T18289 U 2000.
Izinga likazwelonke lamabhethri e-Ni-MH yi-GB/T15100 GB/T18288 U 2000.
Izinga likazwelonke lamabhethri e-lithium yi-GB/T10077 1998YD/T998; 1999, GB/T18287 U 2000.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazinga ajwayelekile ebhethri ahlanganisa amazinga e-JIS C kanye namazinga ebhethri asungulwe i-Sanyo Matsushita.
Imboni yebhethri evamile isuselwe kumazinga e-Sanyo noma e-Panasonic.
5.2 Umqondo ojwayelekile webhethri
1) Ukushaja okuvamile
Amabhethri ahlukene anezici zawo. Umsebenzisi kufanele ashaje ibhethri ngemiyalo yomkhiqizi ngoba ukushaja okulungile nokuzwakalayo kuzosiza ukwelula impilo yebhethri.
2) Ukushaja okusheshayo
Amanye amashaja ahlakaniphile, asheshayo anenkomba engu-90% kuphela uma isignali yenkomba ishintsha. Ishaja izoshintshela ngokuzenzakalelayo ekushajeni okunensayo ukuze ishaje ibhethri ngokugcwele. Abasebenzisi kufanele bashaje ibhethri ngaphambi kokusebenza kahle; ngaphandle kwalokho, Izonciphisa isikhathi sokusebenzisa.
3) Umthelela
Uma ibhethri kuyibhethri le-nickel-cadmium, uma lingashajiwe ngokugcwele noma lingashajwa isikhathi eside, lizoshiya imikhondo ebhethrini futhi linciphise umthamo webhethri. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi umphumela wememori yebhethri.
4) Sula inkumbulo
Shaja ibhethri ngokugcwele ngemva kokuyikhipha ukuze uqede umphumela wenkumbulo yebhethri. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lawula isikhathi ngokwemiyalelo ekubhukwana, bese uphinda ukushaja bese ukhulula kabili noma kathathu.
5) Isitoreji sebhethri
Ingakwazi ukugcina amabhethri e-lithium endaweni ehlanzekile, eyomile, nenomoya opholile onezinga lokushisa elizungezile elingu -5°C kuya ku-35°C kanye nomswakama ohlobene ongekho ngaphezu kuka-75%. Gwema ukuthinta izinto ezonakalisayo futhi uziqhelelanise nomlilo nemithombo yokushisa. Amandla ebhethri agcinwa eku-30% kuya ku-50% womthamo olinganiselwe, futhi ibhethri ishajwa kangcono kanye njalo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha.
Qaphela: ukubala isikhathi sokushaja
1) Uma amandla okushaja angaphansi noma alingana no-5% womthamo webhethri:
Isikhathi sokushaja (amahora) = umthamo webhethri (amahora ama-milliamp) × 1.6÷ yamanje yokushaja (ama-milliamp)
2) Uma amandla okushaja abaluleke kakhulu kuno-5% womthamo webhethri futhi angaphansi noma alingana no-10%:
Isikhathi sokushaja (amahora) = umthamo webhethri (ihora le-mA) × 1.5% ÷ yamanje yokushaja (mA)
3) Uma ukushaja kwamanje kungaphezu kuka-10% womthamo webhethri futhi ingaphansi noma ilingana no-15%:
Isikhathi sokushaja (amahora) = umthamo webhethri (amahora ama-milliamp) × 1.3÷ yamanje yokushaja (ama-milliamp)
4) Uma ukushaja kwamanje kungaphezu kuka-15% womthamo webhethri futhi ingaphansi noma ilingana no-20%:
Isikhathi sokushaja (amahora) = umthamo webhethri (amahora ama-milliamp) × 1.2÷ yamanje yokushaja (ama-milliamp)
5) Uma ukushaja kwamanje kudlula u-20% womthamo webhethri:
Isikhathi sokushaja (amahora) = umthamo webhethri (amahora ama-milliamp) × 1.1÷ yamanje yokushaja (ama-milliamp)
5.3 Ukukhetha ibhethri
Thenga imikhiqizo yebhethri enophawu ngoba ikhwalithi yale mikhiqizo iqinisekisiwe.
Ngokwezidingo zezinto zikagesi, khetha uhlobo olufanele lwebhethri nosayizi.
Naka ukuhlola idethi yokukhiqiza yebhethri nesikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi.
Naka ukuhlola ukubukeka kwebhethri bese ukhetha ibhethri elipakishwe kahle, ibhethri elihlanzekile, elihlanzekile, nelingavuzi.
Sicela unake uphawu lwe-alkaline noma lwe-LR lapho uthenga amabhethri e-alkaline zinc-manganese.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-mercury ebhethrini iyingozi emvelweni, kufanele inake amagama athi "No Mercury" kanye nethi "0% Mercury" abhalwe ebhethrini ukuvikela indawo ezungezile.
5.4 Ukugaywa kabusha kwebhethri
Kunezindlela ezintathu ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokulahla amabhethri emhlabeni jikelele: ukuqiniswa nokungcwaba, ukugcinwa ezimayini zikadoti, nokugaywa kabusha.
Ingcwatshwe emayini kadoti ngemva kokuqina
Isibonelo, imboni yase-France ikhipha i-nickel ne-cadmium bese isebenzisa i-nickel ekwenzeni insimbi, bese i-cadmium iphinda isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwebhethri. Amabhethri emfucumfucu ngokuvamile athuthelwa ezindaweni zokulahla imfucuza ezikhethekile ezinobuthi neziyingozi, kodwa le ndlela iyabiza futhi ibangela ukumosheka komhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto eziningi ezibalulekile zingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa.
(1) Ukwelashwa kokushisa
(2) Ukucutshungulwa okumanzi
(3) Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-vacuum
Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nezinhlobo zamabhethri.
Amabhethri ahlukaniswe amabhethri angashajwa (amabhethri ayinhloko) namabhethri aphinde ashajwe (amabhethri esibili).
Ibhethri elomile ibhethri elingakwazi ukushajwa futhi libizwa nangokuthi ibhethri elikhulu. Amabhethri aphinde ashajwe abizwa nangokuthi amabhethri esibili futhi angashajwa inani elilinganiselwe lezikhathi. Amabhethri ayisisekelo noma amabhethri omile aklanyelwe ukusetshenziswa kanye bese alahlwa.
Kodwa umehluko ophawuleka kakhulu ubukhulu ngoba amabhethri abizwa nge-AA ne-AAA ngenxa yobukhulu nobukhulu bawo. . . Kumane kuyinkomba yokuguquguquka kosayizi othile kanye ne-voltage elinganiselwe. Amabhethri e-AAA mancane kakhulu kunamabhethri e-AA.
lithium-polymer ibhethri
Amabhethri e-lithium polymer anezici ezinhle zokukhishwa. Ziyakwazi ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukusebenza okuqinile, namazinga aphansi wokuzikhulula. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ibhethri ngeke lichitheke kakhulu uma lingasebenzi. Futhi, funda Izinzuzo Eziyisi-8 Zokuqothula Ama-Smartphones e-Android ngo-2020!
Usayizi webhethri ojwayelekile
Amabhethri we-AA. Akwaziwa nangokuthi "Double-A," amabhethri e-AA okwamanje angusayizi webhethri odume kakhulu. . .
AAA amabhethri. Amabhethri e-AAA abizwa nangokuthi "AAA" futhi ayibhethri lesibili elidume kakhulu. . .
AAAA ibhethri
Ibhethri C
D battery
Ibhethri le-9V
Ibhethri le-CR123A
23A ibhethri
phendula kungakapheli amahora angu-6, noma yimiphi imibuzo wamukelekile!
